Kategori: Uncategorized

61. Pemerintah Indonesia pada tahun 2026 menerbitkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 9 Tahun 2026 yang membatasi akses media sosial bagi anak di bawah usia 16 tahun. Fenomena ini dapat dikaji menggunakan konsep social constraint dari Emile Durkheim, yang menyatakan bahwa masyarakat memiliki kekuatan memaksa individu melalui norma dan peraturan. Berikut ini pernyataan yang tidak tepat berkaitan dengan fenomena tersebut dari perspektif Durkheim adalah…

62. Fenomena phubbing—perilaku mengabaikan lawan bicara karena asyik bermain gawai—semakin marak di kalangan remaja Indonesia tahun 2026. Georg Simmel menyebutnya sebagai dampak dari blasé attitude, yakni sikap acuh dan tidak responsif akibat kelebihan stimulasi dalam kehidupan kota modern. Gejala sosial berikut yang tidak berkaitan dengan konsep blasé attitude Simmel adalah…

63. Program Sekolah Rakyat yang diluncurkan Kementerian Sosial tahun 2025/2026 bertujuan memutus rantai kemiskinan melalui pendidikan. Dalam perspektif sosiolog Lewis Coser, konflik yang timbul akibat kesenjangan akses pendidikan antara kelompok miskin dan kaya justru dapat berfungsi positif bagi masyarakat. Fungsi positif konflik menurut Coser yang paling tepat tergambar dalam program tersebut adalah…

64. Raka adalah seorang lulusan SMK jurusan teknik yang pada tahun 2026 kehilangan pekerjaannya karena sistem otomasi berbasis kecerdasan buatan (AI) mengambil alih tugasnya di pabrik. Ia kemudian beralih bekerja sebagai kreator konten di platform digital. Perubahan yang dialami Raka tersebut dalam konteks sosiologi paling tepat disebut sebagai…

65. Di Jakarta tahun 2026, maraknya komunitas online berbasis minat (seperti komunitas pecinta tanaman hias, komunitas lari, dan komunitas memasak) yang terbentuk melalui platform digital menunjukkan pola pembentukan kelompok sosial baru. Menurut Ferdinand Tönnies, kelompok-kelompok tersebut lebih tepat dikategorikan sebagai…

66. Dalam kajian sosiolog Norbert Elias tentang the civilizing process, perubahan norma makan bersama di masyarakat Indonesia tahun 2026—dari makan lesehan beramai-ramai di lantai menjadi makan di meja makan formal—mencerminkan proses…

67. Konflik horizontal antar warga yang dipicu oleh penyebaran berita bohong (hoaks) melalui media sosial masih menjadi tantangan serius di Indonesia tahun 2026. Data Kemenko PMK mencatat 93,9% konflik sosial bersumber dari persoalan politik, ekonomi, dan sosial-budaya. Berikut ini yang bukan merupakan faktor pendorong resolusi konflik tersebut menurut perspektif sosiologi adalah…

68. Berikut pernyataan tentang stigma sosial dalam perspektif Erving Goffman yang paling tepat adalah…

69. Berikut ini merupakan contoh pengendalian sosial yang bersifat represif, kecuali…

70. Pernyataan berikut yang merupakan contoh interaksi sosial tidak langsung di era digital tahun 2026 adalah…

71. Pembatasan media sosial untuk anak di bawah 16 tahun yang diberlakukan pemerintah Indonesia tahun 2026 merupakan bentuk pengendalian sosial eksternal yang bersifat formal.
SEBAB
Pengendalian sosial formal dilakukan oleh lembaga resmi negara melalui instrumen hukum yang mengikat.

72. Fenomena social climbing melalui konten viral di media sosial membuktikan bahwa stratifikasi sosial di era digital sepenuhnya bersifat terbuka dan dapat diakses oleh siapa saja tanpa hambatan.
SEBAB
Menurut Pitirim Sorokin, mobilitas sosial vertikal ke atas dapat terjadi melalui berbagai saluran, salah satunya adalah media massa.

73. Munculnya komunitas digital lintas etnis dan agama di Indonesia tahun 2026 berpotensi memperkuat integrasi sosial di masyarakat majemuk.
SEBAB
Menurut Robert Park, kontak sosial antar kelompok yang berbeda merupakan tahap awal dari proses asimilasi.

74. Kecemasan sosial (social anxiety) akibat tekanan perbandingan diri di media sosial merupakan bentuk anomie digital yang relevan dengan konsep Durkheim.
SEBAB
Durkheim mendefinisikan anomie sebagai kondisi di mana individu kehilangan pegangan norma akibat perubahan sosial yang terlalu cepat.

75. Program Sekolah Rakyat yang menyasar anak-anak dari keluarga miskin merupakan bentuk rekayasa sosial yang bertujuan menciptakan mobilitas sosial vertikal ke atas.
SEBAB
Kemiskinan struktural selalu disebabkan oleh kemalasan individu semata, bukan oleh sistem sosial yang tidak adil.

76. Berikut ini merupakan karakteristik looking-glass self menurut Charles Cooley yang relevan dengan perilaku remaja Indonesia di media sosial tahun 2026, yaitu…
(1) Remaja membentuk citra diri berdasarkan respons dan komentar yang diterima di platform digital.
(2) Banyaknya like dan komentar positif memengaruhi rasa percaya diri remaja secara signifikan.
(3) Remaja yang sering mendapat respons negatif di media sosial cenderung mengalami penurunan harga diri.
(4) Identitas diri remaja terbentuk sepenuhnya dari faktor biologis, tidak dipengaruhi lingkungan sosial.

77. Faktor-faktor yang mendorong terjadinya disintegrasi sosial di era media sosial berdasarkan isu Indonesia tahun 2026 adalah…
(1) Maraknya penyebaran hoaks dan ujaran kebencian yang memperkeruh hubungan antar kelompok.
(2) Meningkatnya partisipasi warga dalam forum diskusi publik yang konstruktif.
(3) Munculnya fenomena echo chamber yang memperdalam polarisasi pandangan di masyarakat.
(4) Adanya filter bubble yang membuat individu hanya terpapar informasi yang sejalan dengan keyakinannya.

78. Pernyataan berikut yang benar mengenai konsep habitus Pierre Bourdieu dalam konteks kesenjangan digital di Indonesia 2026 adalah…
(1) Habitus terbentuk dari pengalaman individu dalam lingkungan sosialnya dan memengaruhi cara mereka menggunakan teknologi.
(2) Anak-anak dari keluarga kelas menengah ke atas cenderung lebih mudah mengakses dan memanfaatkan teknologi digital karena modal budaya yang dimiliki.
(3) Habitus bersifat kaku dan tidak dapat berubah sekalipun individu berpindah ke lingkungan sosial yang berbeda.
(4) Kesenjangan digital semata-mata disebabkan oleh faktor ekonomi, tanpa dipengaruhi oleh modal sosial dan budaya.

79. Karakteristik masyarakat yang mengalami anomie menurut Durkheim, yang dapat diamati pada fenomena sosial Indonesia tahun 2026, meliputi…
(1) Meningkatnya angka gangguan kesehatan mental akibat tekanan sosial dan ketidakpastian ekonomi.
(2) Lemahnya sanksi sosial terhadap perilaku menyimpang di ruang digital.
(3) Tingginya solidaritas sosial yang meredam segala bentuk konflik.
(4) Norma sosial tidak lagi mampu mengatur perilaku individu secara efektif di tengah perubahan yang cepat.

80. Kelompok-kelompok yang termasuk mengalami dinamika internal sebagai faktor pendorong perubahan kelompok sosial adalah…
(1) Komunitas konten kreator di Jakarta yang mengalami perpecahan karena perbedaan visi antara anggota senior dan anggota baru terkait arah konten yang akan dibuat.
(2) Organisasi mahasiswa yang aktivitasnya terhenti karena kampus mereka terdampak banjir besar yang melanda kota.
(3) Kelompok relawan bencana yang mengalami konflik kepemimpinan antara koordinator lama dan koordinator baru terkait strategi distribusi bantuan.
(4) Komunitas petani di Jawa Tengah yang terpaksa bubar karena lahannya terkena proyek pembangunan infrastruktur pemerintah.

41. Cultural heritage often … (41) … to mind artifacts (paintings, drawings, prints, mosaics, sculptures), historical monuments and buildings, as well as archaeological sites. But the concept of cultural heritage is even wider than that, and has gradually … (42) … to include all evidence of human creativity and expression: photographs, documents, books and manuscripts, and instruments, etc. either as individual objects or as collections. Today, towns, underwater heritage, and the natural environment are also considered part of cultural heritage since communities identify themselves with the natural landscape.

Moreover, cultural heritage is not only limited to material objects that we can see and touch. It also consists of immaterial elements: traditions, oral history, performing arts, social practices, traditional craftsmanship, representations, rituals, knowledge and skills … (43) … from generation to generation within a community.

Intangible heritage therefore … (44) … a dizzying array of traditions, music and dances such as tango and flamenco, holy processions, carnivals, falconry, Viennese coffee house culture, the Azerbaijani carpet and its … (45) … traditions, Chinese shadow puppetry, the Mediterranean diet, Vedic Chanting, Kabuki theatre, the polyphonic singing of the Aka of Central Africa (to name a few examples).

Choose the correct answer for blank (41).

42. Cultural heritage often … (41) … to mind artifacts (paintings, drawings, prints, mosaics, sculptures), historical monuments and buildings, as well as archaeological sites. But the concept of cultural heritage is even wider than that, and has gradually … (42) … to include all evidence of human creativity and expression: photographs, documents, books and manuscripts, and instruments, etc. either as individual objects or as collections. Today, towns, underwater heritage, and the natural environment are also considered part of cultural heritage since communities identify themselves with the natural landscape.

Moreover, cultural heritage is not only limited to material objects that we can see and touch. It also consists of immaterial elements: traditions, oral history, performing arts, social practices, traditional craftsmanship, representations, rituals, knowledge and skills … (43) … from generation to generation within a community.

Intangible heritage therefore … (44) … a dizzying array of traditions, music and dances such as tango and flamenco, holy processions, carnivals, falconry, Viennese coffee house culture, the Azerbaijani carpet and its … (45) … traditions, Chinese shadow puppetry, the Mediterranean diet, Vedic Chanting, Kabuki theatre, the polyphonic singing of the Aka of Central Africa (to name a few examples).

Choose the correct answer for blank (42).

43. Cultural heritage often … (41) … to mind artifacts (paintings, drawings, prints, mosaics, sculptures), historical monuments and buildings, as well as archaeological sites. But the concept of cultural heritage is even wider than that, and has gradually … (42) … to include all evidence of human creativity and expression: photographs, documents, books and manuscripts, and instruments, etc. either as individual objects or as collections. Today, towns, underwater heritage, and the natural environment are also considered part of cultural heritage since communities identify themselves with the natural landscape.

Moreover, cultural heritage is not only limited to material objects that we can see and touch. It also consists of immaterial elements: traditions, oral history, performing arts, social practices, traditional craftsmanship, representations, rituals, knowledge and skills … (43) … from generation to generation within a community.

Intangible heritage therefore … (44) … a dizzying array of traditions, music and dances such as tango and flamenco, holy processions, carnivals, falconry, Viennese coffee house culture, the Azerbaijani carpet and its … (45) … traditions, Chinese shadow puppetry, the Mediterranean diet, Vedic Chanting, Kabuki theatre, the polyphonic singing of the Aka of Central Africa (to name a few examples).

Choose the correct answer for blank (43).

44. Cultural heritage often … (41) … to mind artifacts (paintings, drawings, prints, mosaics, sculptures), historical monuments and buildings, as well as archaeological sites. But the concept of cultural heritage is even wider than that, and has gradually … (42) … to include all evidence of human creativity and expression: photographs, documents, books and manuscripts, and instruments, etc. either as individual objects or as collections. Today, towns, underwater heritage, and the natural environment are also considered part of cultural heritage since communities identify themselves with the natural landscape.

Moreover, cultural heritage is not only limited to material objects that we can see and touch. It also consists of immaterial elements: traditions, oral history, performing arts, social practices, traditional craftsmanship, representations, rituals, knowledge and skills … (43) … from generation to generation within a community.

Intangible heritage therefore … (44) … a dizzying array of traditions, music and dances such as tango and flamenco, holy processions, carnivals, falconry, Viennese coffee house culture, the Azerbaijani carpet and its … (45) … traditions, Chinese shadow puppetry, the Mediterranean diet, Vedic Chanting, Kabuki theatre, the polyphonic singing of the Aka of Central Africa (to name a few examples).

Choose the correct answer for blank (44).

45. Cultural heritage often … (41) … to mind artifacts (paintings, drawings, prints, mosaics, sculptures), historical monuments and buildings, as well as archaeological sites. But the concept of cultural heritage is even wider than that, and has gradually … (42) … to include all evidence of human creativity and expression: photographs, documents, books and manuscripts, and instruments, etc. either as individual objects or as collections. Today, towns, underwater heritage, and the natural environment are also considered part of cultural heritage since communities identify themselves with the natural landscape.

Moreover, cultural heritage is not only limited to material objects that we can see and touch. It also consists of immaterial elements: traditions, oral history, performing arts, social practices, traditional craftsmanship, representations, rituals, knowledge and skills … (43) … from generation to generation within a community.

Intangible heritage therefore … (44) … a dizzying array of traditions, music and dances such as tango and flamenco, holy processions, carnivals, falconry, Viennese coffee house culture, the Azerbaijani carpet and its … (45) … traditions, Chinese shadow puppetry, the Mediterranean diet, Vedic Chanting, Kabuki theatre, the polyphonic singing of the Aka of Central Africa (to name a few examples).

Choose the correct answer for blank (45).

81. Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the patient. The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculated body surface area (BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or a nomogram, using a patient’s weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body mass. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans. The study only included 9 human subjects. When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option.

Recently, the validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned. The reason for this is that the formula only takes into accounts the individual’s weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, gender, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which has a major impact on the actual concentration of the drug in the patient’s bloodstream. As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration among patients dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than 10-fold for many drugs. In other words, if two patients receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one patient may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other patient. This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs.

The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among patients is that many patients do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some patients are overdosed while others are underdosed. For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard— 68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed.

There has been recent controversy over the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for obese patients. Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear of overdosing. In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment.

In what course is the passage most probably given?

82. Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the patient. The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculated body surface area (BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or a nomogram, using a patient’s weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body mass. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans. The study only included 9 human subjects. When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option.

Recently, the validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned. The reason for this is that the formula only takes into accounts the individual’s weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, gender, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which has a major impact on the actual concentration of the drug in the patient’s bloodstream. As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration among patients dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than 10-fold for many drugs. In other words, if two patients receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one patient may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other patient. This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs.

The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among patients is that many patients do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some patients are overdosed while others are underdosed. For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard— 68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed.

There has been recent controversy over the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for obese patients. Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear of overdosing. In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment.

What is the closest meaning of the word “derived” in line 7?

83. Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the patient. The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculated body surface area (BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or a nomogram, using a patient’s weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body mass. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans. The study only included 9 human subjects. When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option.

Recently, the validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned. The reason for this is that the formula only takes into accounts the individual’s weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, gender, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which has a major impact on the actual concentration of the drug in the patient’s bloodstream. As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration among patients dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than 10-fold for many drugs. In other words, if two patients receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one patient may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other patient. This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs.

The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among patients is that many patients do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some patients are overdosed while others are underdosed. For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard— 68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed.

There has been recent controversy over the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for obese patients. Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear of overdosing. In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment.

Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

84. Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the patient. The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculated body surface area (BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or a nomogram, using a patient’s weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body mass. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans. The study only included 9 human subjects. When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option.

Recently, the validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned. The reason for this is that the formula only takes into accounts the individual’s weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, gender, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which has a major impact on the actual concentration of the drug in the patient’s bloodstream. As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration among patients dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than 10-fold for many drugs. In other words, if two patients receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one patient may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other patient. This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs.

The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among patients is that many patients do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some patients are overdosed while others are underdosed. For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard— 68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed.

There has been recent controversy over the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for obese patients. Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear of overdosing. In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment.

The word “arbitrarily” in line 35 is closest in meaning to …

85. Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (side-effects) will be intolerable to the patient. The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculated body surface area (BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or a nomogram, using a patient’s weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body mass. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans. The study only included 9 human subjects. When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option.

Recently, the validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned. The reason for this is that the formula only takes into accounts the individual’s weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, gender, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug interactions, genetics, and obesity, which has a major impact on the actual concentration of the drug in the patient’s bloodstream. As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration among patients dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than 10-fold for many drugs. In other words, if two patients receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one patient may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other patient. This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs.

The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among patients is that many patients do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some patients are overdosed while others are underdosed. For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard— 68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed.

There has been recent controversy over the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for obese patients. Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear of overdosing. In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment.

Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

86. The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate (ignition) and burn the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any standard internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.

Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s, they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. According to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars account for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK.

The world’s largest diesel engine is currently a Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C Common Rail marine diesel of about 84,420 kW (113,210 hp) @102 rpm output.

According to the passage, why does the diesel engine have the highest thermal efficiency?

87. The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate (ignition) and burn the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any standard internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.

Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s, they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. According to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars account for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK.

The world’s largest diesel engine is currently a Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C Common Rail marine diesel of about 84,420 kW (113,210 hp) @102 rpm output.

Which of the following probably the subject of the following paragraph?

88. The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate (ignition) and burn the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any standard internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.

Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s, they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. According to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars account for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK.

The world’s largest diesel engine is currently a Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C Common Rail marine diesel of about 84,420 kW (113,210 hp) @102 rpm output.

The word “ignition” in line 2 is closest in meaning to …

89. The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate (ignition) and burn the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any standard internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.

Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s, they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. According to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars account for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK.

The world’s largest diesel engine is currently a Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C Common Rail marine diesel of about 84,420 kW (113,210 hp) @102 rpm output.

The word “they” in line 13 refers to …

90. The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate (ignition) and burn the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any standard internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.

Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s, they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. According to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars account for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK.

The world’s largest diesel engine is currently a Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C Common Rail marine diesel of about 84,420 kW (113,210 hp) @102 rpm output.

The phrase “account for” in line 19 could be replaced by …

91. Ann Arbor, MI – Robotic Industries Association (RIA) today announced that Wolf Robotics … (91) … recertification as part of the RIA Certified Robot Integrator program. Wolf Robotics achieved their initial certification … (92) … April 2012 by completing a rigorous process, which includes an on-site audit, and … (93) … of key personnel among other important criteria. The certification program … (94) … to provide robot integrators with a way to benchmark against industry best practices and allows robot users to develop a baseline for … (95) … robot integrators. RIA currently has over 20 Certified Robot Integrators and requires each of them to be recertified every two years.

Choose the correct answer for blank (91).

92. Ann Arbor, MI – Robotic Industries Association (RIA) today announced that Wolf Robotics … (91) … recertification as part of the RIA Certified Robot Integrator program. Wolf Robotics achieved their initial certification … (92) … April 2012 by completing a rigorous process, which includes an on-site audit, and … (93) … of key personnel among other important criteria. The certification program … (94) … to provide robot integrators with a way to benchmark against industry best practices and allows robot users to develop a baseline for … (95) … robot integrators. RIA currently has over 20 Certified Robot Integrators and requires each of them to be recertified every two years.

Choose the correct answer for blank (92).

93. Ann Arbor, MI – Robotic Industries Association (RIA) today announced that Wolf Robotics … (91) … recertification as part of the RIA Certified Robot Integrator program. Wolf Robotics achieved their initial certification … (92) … April 2012 by completing a rigorous process, which includes an on-site audit, and … (93) … of key personnel among other important criteria. The certification program … (94) … to provide robot integrators with a way to benchmark against industry best practices and allows robot users to develop a baseline for … (95) … robot integrators. RIA currently has over 20 Certified Robot Integrators and requires each of them to be recertified every two years.

Choose the correct answer for blank (93).

94. Ann Arbor, MI – Robotic Industries Association (RIA) today announced that Wolf Robotics … (91) … recertification as part of the RIA Certified Robot Integrator program. Wolf Robotics achieved their initial certification … (92) … April 2012 by completing a rigorous process, which includes an on-site audit, and … (93) … of key personnel among other important criteria. The certification program … (94) … to provide robot integrators with a way to benchmark against industry best practices and allows robot users to develop a baseline for … (95) … robot integrators. RIA currently has over 20 Certified Robot Integrators and requires each of them to be recertified every two years.

Choose the correct answer for blank (94).

95. Ann Arbor, MI – Robotic Industries Association (RIA) today announced that Wolf Robotics … (91) … recertification as part of the RIA Certified Robot Integrator program. Wolf Robotics achieved their initial certification … (92) … April 2012 by completing a rigorous process, which includes an on-site audit, and … (93) … of key personnel among other important criteria. The certification program … (94) … to provide robot integrators with a way to benchmark against industry best practices and allows robot users to develop a baseline for … (95) … robot integrators. RIA currently has over 20 Certified Robot Integrators and requires each of them to be recertified every two years.

Choose the correct answer for blank (95).

81. By far the most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s was the revival of Ku Klux Klan. Like the predecessor of the Reconstruction days, the new Klan began as an instrument for repressing southern blacks. In the reactionary postwar period many white southerners set out to undo the gains blacks had made during the war years. Lynching increased in number; race riot broke out in a dozen cities in the summer and fall of 1919. The new Klan, founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher, expanded rapidly in this atmosphere. From the start the Klan admitted only native born, white protestants to membership. The distrust of foreigners, Catholics, and Jews, implicit in the regulation burst into the open in the social climate that also spawned religious fundamentalism, immigration restriction, and prohibition. By 1923 it claimed the astonishing total of 5 million members. The Klan had relatively little appeal in the Northeast or in metropolitan centers in other parts of the country, but it found many members in the middle-sized cities as well as in the small towns and villages of middle western and western states like Indiana, Ohio and Oregon. The scapegoats in such regions were immigrants, Jews, and especially Catholics. The rationale was an urge to get back to an older, supposedly finer America and a desperate desire to stamp out all varieties of non conformity. Posing as guardians on public and private morally, Klansmen prosecuted gamblers, loose women, violators of the prohibiting laws and respectable persons who happened to differ from them on religious questions or who belonged to a foreign race.

What is the best title of this passage?

82. By far the most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s was the revival of Ku Klux Klan. Like the predecessor of the Reconstruction days, the new Klan began as an instrument for repressing southern blacks. In the reactionary postwar period many white southerners set out to undo the gains blacks had made during the war years. Lynching increased in number; race riot broke out in a dozen cities in the summer and fall of 1919. The new Klan, founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher, expanded rapidly in this atmosphere. From the start the Klan admitted only native born, white protestants to membership. The distrust of foreigners, Catholics, and Jews, implicit in the regulation burst into the open in the social climate that also spawned religious fundamentalism, immigration restriction, and prohibition. By 1923 it claimed the astonishing total of 5 million members. The Klan had relatively little appeal in the Northeast or in metropolitan centers in other parts of the country, but it found many members in the middle-sized cities as well as in the small towns and villages of middle western and western states like Indiana, Ohio and Oregon. The scapegoats in such regions were immigrants, Jews, and especially Catholics. The rationale was an urge to get back to an older, supposedly finer America and a desperate desire to stamp out all varieties of non conformity. Posing as guardians on public and private morally, Klansmen prosecuted gamblers, loose women, violators of the prohibiting laws and respectable persons who happened to differ from them on religious questions or who belonged to a foreign race.

The following statements are true, EXCEPT

83. By far the most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s was the revival of Ku Klux Klan. Like the predecessor of the Reconstruction days, the new Klan began as an instrument for repressing southern blacks. In the reactionary postwar period many white southerners set out to undo the gains blacks had made during the war years. Lynching increased in number; race riot broke out in a dozen cities in the summer and fall of 1919. The new Klan, founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher, expanded rapidly in this atmosphere. From the start the Klan admitted only native born, white protestants to membership. The distrust of foreigners, Catholics, and Jews, implicit in the regulation burst into the open in the social climate that also spawned religious fundamentalism, immigration restriction, and prohibition. By 1923 it claimed the astonishing total of 5 million members. The Klan had relatively little appeal in the Northeast or in metropolitan centers in other parts of the country, but it found many members in the middle-sized cities as well as in the small towns and villages of middle western and western states like Indiana, Ohio and Oregon. The scapegoats in such regions were immigrants, Jews, and especially Catholics. The rationale was an urge to get back to an older, supposedly finer America and a desperate desire to stamp out all varieties of non conformity. Posing as guardians on public and private morally, Klansmen prosecuted gamblers, loose women, violators of the prohibiting laws and respectable persons who happened to differ from them on religious questions or who belonged to a foreign race.

What might be the subject of the preceding paragraph?

84. By far the most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s was the revival of Ku Klux Klan. Like the predecessor of the Reconstruction days, the new Klan began as an instrument for repressing southern blacks. In the reactionary postwar period many white southerners set out to undo the gains blacks had made during the war years. Lynching increased in number; race riot broke out in a dozen cities in the summer and fall of 1919. The new Klan, founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher, expanded rapidly in this atmosphere. From the start the Klan admitted only native born, white protestants to membership. The distrust of foreigners, Catholics, and Jews, implicit in the regulation burst into the open in the social climate that also spawned religious fundamentalism, immigration restriction, and prohibition. By 1923 it claimed the astonishing total of 5 million members. The Klan had relatively little appeal in the Northeast or in metropolitan centers in other parts of the country, but it found many members in the middle-sized cities as well as in the small towns and villages of middle western and western states like Indiana, Ohio and Oregon. The scapegoats in such regions were immigrants, Jews, and especially Catholics. The rationale was an urge to get back to an older, supposedly finer America and a desperate desire to stamp out all varieties of non conformity. Posing as guardians on public and private morally, Klansmen prosecuted gamblers, loose women, violators of the prohibiting laws and respectable persons who happened to differ from them on religious questions or who belonged to a foreign race.

It can be inferred from the passage that …

85. By far the most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s was the revival of Ku Klux Klan. Like the predecessor of the Reconstruction days, the new Klan began as an instrument for repressing southern blacks. In the reactionary postwar period many white southerners set out to undo the gains blacks had made during the war years. Lynching increased in number; race riot broke out in a dozen cities in the summer and fall of 1919. The new Klan, founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher, expanded rapidly in this atmosphere. From the start the Klan admitted only native born, white protestants to membership. The distrust of foreigners, Catholics, and Jews, implicit in the regulation burst into the open in the social climate that also spawned religious fundamentalism, immigration restriction, and prohibition. By 1923 it claimed the astonishing total of 5 million members. The Klan had relatively little appeal in the Northeast or in metropolitan centers in other parts of the country, but it found many members in the middle-sized cities as well as in the small towns and villages of middle western and western states like Indiana, Ohio and Oregon. The scapegoats in such regions were immigrants, Jews, and especially Catholics. The rationale was an urge to get back to an older, supposedly finer America and a desperate desire to stamp out all varieties of non conformity. Posing as guardians on public and private morally, Klansmen prosecuted gamblers, loose women, violators of the prohibiting laws and respectable persons who happened to differ from them on religious questions or who belonged to a foreign race.

The word ‘distrust’ in line 9 can be best replaced by which of the following words?

86. The outbreak of World War II thrust the United States into a worldwide conflict, heightening the need for Americans to become orally proficient in the languages of both allies and their enemies. The time was ripe for a language-teaching revolution. The U.S. military provided the impetus with funding for special, intensive language courses that focused the aural/oral skills; these courses came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or, more colloquially, the “Army Method.” Characteristics of these courses were a great deal of oral activity – pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice – with virtually none of the grammar and translation found in traditional classes. It was ironic that numerous foundation stones of the now somewhat unpopular Direct Method were borrowed and injected into this new approach. Soon, the success of the Army Method and the revived national interest in foreign languages spurred educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all its variations and adaptations, the Army Method came to be known in the 1950s as the Audiolingual Method (ALM).

According to the passage, the following activities were initiated by the US government right after the commence of World War II, EXCEPT …

87. The outbreak of World War II thrust the United States into a worldwide conflict, heightening the need for Americans to become orally proficient in the languages of both allies and their enemies. The time was ripe for a language-teaching revolution. The U.S. military provided the impetus with funding for special, intensive language courses that focused the aural/oral skills; these courses came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or, more colloquially, the “Army Method.” Characteristics of these courses were a great deal of oral activity – pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice – with virtually none of the grammar and translation found in traditional classes. It was ironic that numerous foundation stones of the now somewhat unpopular Direct Method were borrowed and injected into this new approach. Soon, the success of the Army Method and the revived national interest in foreign languages spurred educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all its variations and adaptations, the Army Method came to be known in the 1950s as the Audiolingual Method (ALM).

The Army Method is similar to the Direct Method in that …

88. The outbreak of World War II thrust the United States into a worldwide conflict, heightening the need for Americans to become orally proficient in the languages of both allies and their enemies. The time was ripe for a language-teaching revolution. The U.S. military provided the impetus with funding for special, intensive language courses that focused the aural/oral skills; these courses came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or, more colloquially, the “Army Method.” Characteristics of these courses were a great deal of oral activity – pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice – with virtually none of the grammar and translation found in traditional classes. It was ironic that numerous foundation stones of the now somewhat unpopular Direct Method were borrowed and injected into this new approach. Soon, the success of the Army Method and the revived national interest in foreign languages spurred educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all its variations and adaptations, the Army Method came to be known in the 1950s as the Audiolingual Method (ALM).

The word ‘impetus’ in line 4 could be best replaced by which of the following?

89. The outbreak of World War II thrust the United States into a worldwide conflict, heightening the need for Americans to become orally proficient in the languages of both allies and their enemies. The time was ripe for a language-teaching revolution. The U.S. military provided the impetus with funding for special, intensive language courses that focused the aural/oral skills; these courses came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or, more colloquially, the “Army Method.” Characteristics of these courses were a great deal of oral activity – pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice – with virtually none of the grammar and translation found in traditional classes. It was ironic that numerous foundation stones of the now somewhat unpopular Direct Method were borrowed and injected into this new approach. Soon, the success of the Army Method and the revived national interest in foreign languages spurred educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all its variations and adaptations, the Army Method came to be known in the 1950s as the Audiolingual Method (ALM).

Who would be mostly concerned with the topic in the passage?

90. The outbreak of World War II thrust the United States into a worldwide conflict, heightening the need for Americans to become orally proficient in the languages of both allies and their enemies. The time was ripe for a language-teaching revolution. The U.S. military provided the impetus with funding for special, intensive language courses that focused the aural/oral skills; these courses came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or, more colloquially, the “Army Method.” Characteristics of these courses were a great deal of oral activity – pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice – with virtually none of the grammar and translation found in traditional classes. It was ironic that numerous foundation stones of the now somewhat unpopular Direct Method were borrowed and injected into this new approach. Soon, the success of the Army Method and the revived national interest in foreign languages spurred educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all its variations and adaptations, the Army Method came to be known in the 1950s as the Audiolingual Method (ALM).

It can be inferred from the passage that

91. Extinct animals include those species which have been lost relatively … (91) … as well as those which are more usually described as … (92) … prehistoric. Prehistoric means … (93) … to a period prior to a … (94) … history, that is before approximately 2500 years ago. … (95) … most of the prehistoric animals described here lived long before this time – millions rather than thousands of years ago.

Choose the correct answer for blank (91).

92. Extinct animals include those species which have been lost relatively … (91) … as well as those which are more usually described as … (92) … prehistoric. Prehistoric means … (93) … to a period prior to a … (94) … history, that is before approximately 2500 years ago. … (95) … most of the prehistoric animals described here lived long before this time – millions rather than thousands of years ago.

Choose the correct answer for blank (92).

93. Extinct animals include those species which have been lost relatively … (91) … as well as those which are more usually described as … (92) … prehistoric. Prehistoric means … (93) … to a period prior to a … (94) … history, that is before approximately 2500 years ago. … (95) … most of the prehistoric animals described here lived long before this time – millions rather than thousands of years ago.

Choose the correct answer for blank (93).

94. Extinct animals include those species which have been lost relatively … (91) … as well as those which are more usually described as … (92) … prehistoric. Prehistoric means … (93) … to a period prior to a … (94) … history, that is before approximately 2500 years ago. … (95) … most of the prehistoric animals described here lived long before this time – millions rather than thousands of years ago.

Choose the correct answer for blank (94).

95. Extinct animals include those species which have been lost relatively … (91) … as well as those which are more usually described as … (92) … prehistoric. Prehistoric means … (93) … to a period prior to a … (94) … history, that is before approximately 2500 years ago. … (95) … most of the prehistoric animals described here lived long before this time – millions rather than thousands of years ago.

Choose the correct answer for blank (95).

81. By far the most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s was the revival of Ku Klux Klan. Like the predecessor of the Reconstruction days, the new Klan began as an instrument for repressing southern blacks. In the reactionary postwar period many white southerners set out to undo the gains blacks had made during the war years. Lynching increased in number; race riot broke out in a dozen cities in the summer and fall of 1919. The new Klan, founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher, expanded rapidly in this atmosphere. From the start the Klan admitted only native born, white protestants to membership. The distrust of foreigners, Catholics, and Jews, implicit in the regulation burst into the open in the social climate that also spawned religious fundamentalism, immigration restriction, and prohibition. By 1923 it claimed the astonishing total of 5 million members. The Klan had relatively little appeal in the Northeast or in metropolitan centers in other parts of the country, but it found many members in the middle-sized cities as well as in the small towns and villages of middle western and western states like Indiana, Ohio and Oregon. The scapegoats in such regions were immigrants, Jews, and especially Catholics. The rationale was an urge to get back to an older, supposedly finer America and a desperate desire to stamp out all varieties of non conformity. Posing as guardians on public and private morally, Klansmen prosecuted gamblers, loose women, violators of the prohibiting laws and respectable persons who happened to differ from them on religious questions or who belonged to a foreign race.

What is the best title of this passage?

82. By far the most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s was the revival of Ku Klux Klan. Like the predecessor of the Reconstruction days, the new Klan began as an instrument for repressing southern blacks. In the reactionary postwar period many white southerners set out to undo the gains blacks had made during the war years. Lynching increased in number; race riot broke out in a dozen cities in the summer and fall of 1919. The new Klan, founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher, expanded rapidly in this atmosphere. From the start the Klan admitted only native born, white protestants to membership. The distrust of foreigners, Catholics, and Jews, implicit in the regulation burst into the open in the social climate that also spawned religious fundamentalism, immigration restriction, and prohibition. By 1923 it claimed the astonishing total of 5 million members. The Klan had relatively little appeal in the Northeast or in metropolitan centers in other parts of the country, but it found many members in the middle-sized cities as well as in the small towns and villages of middle western and western states like Indiana, Ohio and Oregon. The scapegoats in such regions were immigrants, Jews, and especially Catholics. The rationale was an urge to get back to an older, supposedly finer America and a desperate desire to stamp out all varieties of non conformity. Posing as guardians on public and private morally, Klansmen prosecuted gamblers, loose women, violators of the prohibiting laws and respectable persons who happened to differ from them on religious questions or who belonged to a foreign race.

The following statements are true, EXCEPT

83. By far the most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s was the revival of Ku Klux Klan. Like the predecessor of the Reconstruction days, the new Klan began as an instrument for repressing southern blacks. In the reactionary postwar period many white southerners set out to undo the gains blacks had made during the war years. Lynching increased in number; race riot broke out in a dozen cities in the summer and fall of 1919. The new Klan, founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher, expanded rapidly in this atmosphere. From the start the Klan admitted only native born, white protestants to membership. The distrust of foreigners, Catholics, and Jews, implicit in the regulation burst into the open in the social climate that also spawned religious fundamentalism, immigration restriction, and prohibition. By 1923 it claimed the astonishing total of 5 million members. The Klan had relatively little appeal in the Northeast or in metropolitan centers in other parts of the country, but it found many members in the middle-sized cities as well as in the small towns and villages of middle western and western states like Indiana, Ohio and Oregon. The scapegoats in such regions were immigrants, Jews, and especially Catholics. The rationale was an urge to get back to an older, supposedly finer America and a desperate desire to stamp out all varieties of non conformity. Posing as guardians on public and private morally, Klansmen prosecuted gamblers, loose women, violators of the prohibiting laws and respectable persons who happened to differ from them on religious questions or who belonged to a foreign race.

What might be the subject of the preceding paragraph?

84. By far the most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s was the revival of Ku Klux Klan. Like the predecessor of the Reconstruction days, the new Klan began as an instrument for repressing southern blacks. In the reactionary postwar period many white southerners set out to undo the gains blacks had made during the war years. Lynching increased in number; race riot broke out in a dozen cities in the summer and fall of 1919. The new Klan, founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher, expanded rapidly in this atmosphere. From the start the Klan admitted only native born, white protestants to membership. The distrust of foreigners, Catholics, and Jews, implicit in the regulation burst into the open in the social climate that also spawned religious fundamentalism, immigration restriction, and prohibition. By 1923 it claimed the astonishing total of 5 million members. The Klan had relatively little appeal in the Northeast or in metropolitan centers in other parts of the country, but it found many members in the middle-sized cities as well as in the small towns and villages of middle western and western states like Indiana, Ohio and Oregon. The scapegoats in such regions were immigrants, Jews, and especially Catholics. The rationale was an urge to get back to an older, supposedly finer America and a desperate desire to stamp out all varieties of non conformity. Posing as guardians on public and private morally, Klansmen prosecuted gamblers, loose women, violators of the prohibiting laws and respectable persons who happened to differ from them on religious questions or who belonged to a foreign race.

It can be inferred from the passage that …

85. By far the most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s was the revival of Ku Klux Klan. Like the predecessor of the Reconstruction days, the new Klan began as an instrument for repressing southern blacks. In the reactionary postwar period many white southerners set out to undo the gains blacks had made during the war years. Lynching increased in number; race riot broke out in a dozen cities in the summer and fall of 1919. The new Klan, founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher, expanded rapidly in this atmosphere. From the start the Klan admitted only native born, white protestants to membership. The distrust of foreigners, Catholics, and Jews, implicit in the regulation burst into the open in the social climate that also spawned religious fundamentalism, immigration restriction, and prohibition. By 1923 it claimed the astonishing total of 5 million members. The Klan had relatively little appeal in the Northeast or in metropolitan centers in other parts of the country, but it found many members in the middle-sized cities as well as in the small towns and villages of middle western and western states like Indiana, Ohio and Oregon. The scapegoats in such regions were immigrants, Jews, and especially Catholics. The rationale was an urge to get back to an older, supposedly finer America and a desperate desire to stamp out all varieties of non conformity. Posing as guardians on public and private morally, Klansmen prosecuted gamblers, loose women, violators of the prohibiting laws and respectable persons who happened to differ from them on religious questions or who belonged to a foreign race.

The word ‘distrust’ in line 9 can be best replaced by which of the following words?

86. The outbreak of World War II thrust the United States into a worldwide conflict, heightening the need for Americans to become orally proficient in the languages of both allies and their enemies. The time was ripe for a language-teaching revolution. The U.S. military provided the impetus with funding for special, intensive language courses that focused the aural/oral skills; these courses came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or, more colloquially, the “Army Method.” Characteristics of these courses were a great deal of oral activity – pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice – with virtually none of the grammar and translation found in traditional classes. It was ironic that numerous foundation stones of the now somewhat unpopular Direct Method were borrowed and injected into this new approach. Soon, the success of the Army Method and the revived national interest in foreign languages spurred educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all its variations and adaptations, the Army Method came to be known in the 1950s as the Audiolingual Method (ALM).

According to the passage, the following activities were initiated by the US government right after the commence of World War II, EXCEPT …

87. The outbreak of World War II thrust the United States into a worldwide conflict, heightening the need for Americans to become orally proficient in the languages of both allies and their enemies. The time was ripe for a language-teaching revolution. The U.S. military provided the impetus with funding for special, intensive language courses that focused the aural/oral skills; these courses came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or, more colloquially, the “Army Method.” Characteristics of these courses were a great deal of oral activity – pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice – with virtually none of the grammar and translation found in traditional classes. It was ironic that numerous foundation stones of the now somewhat unpopular Direct Method were borrowed and injected into this new approach. Soon, the success of the Army Method and the revived national interest in foreign languages spurred educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all its variations and adaptations, the Army Method came to be known in the 1950s as the Audiolingual Method (ALM).

The Army Method is similar to the Direct Method in that …

88. The outbreak of World War II thrust the United States into a worldwide conflict, heightening the need for Americans to become orally proficient in the languages of both allies and their enemies. The time was ripe for a language-teaching revolution. The U.S. military provided the impetus with funding for special, intensive language courses that focused the aural/oral skills; these courses came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or, more colloquially, the “Army Method.” Characteristics of these courses were a great deal of oral activity – pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice – with virtually none of the grammar and translation found in traditional classes. It was ironic that numerous foundation stones of the now somewhat unpopular Direct Method were borrowed and injected into this new approach. Soon, the success of the Army Method and the revived national interest in foreign languages spurred educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all its variations and adaptations, the Army Method came to be known in the 1950s as the Audiolingual Method (ALM).

The word ‘impetus’ in line 4 could be best replaced by which of the following?

89. The outbreak of World War II thrust the United States into a worldwide conflict, heightening the need for Americans to become orally proficient in the languages of both allies and their enemies. The time was ripe for a language-teaching revolution. The U.S. military provided the impetus with funding for special, intensive language courses that focused the aural/oral skills; these courses came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or, more colloquially, the “Army Method.” Characteristics of these courses were a great deal of oral activity – pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice – with virtually none of the grammar and translation found in traditional classes. It was ironic that numerous foundation stones of the now somewhat unpopular Direct Method were borrowed and injected into this new approach. Soon, the success of the Army Method and the revived national interest in foreign languages spurred educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all its variations and adaptations, the Army Method came to be known in the 1950s as the Audiolingual Method (ALM).

Who would be mostly concerned with the topic in the passage?

90. The outbreak of World War II thrust the United States into a worldwide conflict, heightening the need for Americans to become orally proficient in the languages of both allies and their enemies. The time was ripe for a language-teaching revolution. The U.S. military provided the impetus with funding for special, intensive language courses that focused the aural/oral skills; these courses came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or, more colloquially, the “Army Method.” Characteristics of these courses were a great deal of oral activity – pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice – with virtually none of the grammar and translation found in traditional classes. It was ironic that numerous foundation stones of the now somewhat unpopular Direct Method were borrowed and injected into this new approach. Soon, the success of the Army Method and the revived national interest in foreign languages spurred educational institutions to adopt the new methodology. In all its variations and adaptations, the Army Method came to be known in the 1950s as the Audiolingual Method (ALM).

It can be inferred from the passage that

91. Extinct animals include those species which have been lost relatively … (91) … as well as those which are more usually described as … (92) … prehistoric. Prehistoric means … (93) … to a period prior to a … (94) … history, that is before approximately 2500 years ago. … (95) … most of the prehistoric animals described here lived long before this time – millions rather than thousands of years ago.

Choose the correct answer for blank (91).

92. Extinct animals include those species which have been lost relatively … (91) … as well as those which are more usually described as … (92) … prehistoric. Prehistoric means … (93) … to a period prior to a … (94) … history, that is before approximately 2500 years ago. … (95) … most of the prehistoric animals described here lived long before this time – millions rather than thousands of years ago.

Choose the correct answer for blank (92).

93. Extinct animals include those species which have been lost relatively … (91) … as well as those which are more usually described as … (92) … prehistoric. Prehistoric means … (93) … to a period prior to a … (94) … history, that is before approximately 2500 years ago. … (95) … most of the prehistoric animals described here lived long before this time – millions rather than thousands of years ago.

Choose the correct answer for blank (93).

94. Extinct animals include those species which have been lost relatively … (91) … as well as those which are more usually described as … (92) … prehistoric. Prehistoric means … (93) … to a period prior to a … (94) … history, that is before approximately 2500 years ago. … (95) … most of the prehistoric animals described here lived long before this time – millions rather than thousands of years ago.

Choose the correct answer for blank (94).

95. Extinct animals include those species which have been lost relatively … (91) … as well as those which are more usually described as … (92) … prehistoric. Prehistoric means … (93) … to a period prior to a … (94) … history, that is before approximately 2500 years ago. … (95) … most of the prehistoric animals described here lived long before this time – millions rather than thousands of years ago.

Choose the correct answer for blank (95).

1. Sebuah toko buku memberikan diskon sebesar 15% untuk semua novel. Jika harga asli sebuah novel adalah Rp80.000, berapakah harga yang harus dibayar setelah mendapat diskon?

2. Seorang petani membawa hasil panen berupa kentang ke pasar. Kentang tersebut dikemas dalam 10 karung yang masing-masing ditimbang satu per satu. Rata-rata berat bruto per karung adalah 12 kg, sementara tara tiap karung adalah 2 kg. Petani berencana menjual kentang tersebut seharga Rp8.000 per kg netto. Jika semua kentang laku terjual, berapa total uang yang diterima petani dari penjualan tersebut?

3. Seorang petani menjual hasil panen cabai dalam 15 karung. Berat rata-rata bruto per karung adalah 40 kg, dan tara setiap karung adalah 5 kg. Jika cabai dijual dengan harga Rp10.000 per kg netto, maka berapa total uang yang diperoleh petani?

5. Sisa pembagian bilangan prima yang lebih besar dari 3 oleh 6 adalah …

6. Sisa pembagian bilangan prima terkecil setelah 5 oleh 4 adalah …

7. Jika bilangan prima lebih dari 3 dan kurang dari 20 dibagi 6, berapakah jumlah seluruh sisa pembagiannya?

8. Diketahui fungsi kuadrat f(x) = x² – 6x + 8.
Pernyataan berikut ini yang benar adalah …
1. Grafik memotong sumbu-x di titik (2, 0) dan (4, 0)
2. Titik puncaknya adalah (3, -1)
3. Fungsi memiliki nilai minimum
4. Memotong sumbu-y di titik (0, 8)
Berapa banyak pernyataan yang benar?

9. Diketahui fungsi kuadrat f(x) = -x² + 2x + 3.
Manakah dari pernyataan berikut ini yang salah?
1. Fungsi memiliki nilai maksimum
2. Titik puncaknya adalah (1, 4)
3. Grafik memotong sumbu-x di titik (-1, 0) dan (3, 0)
4. Akar-akar persamaan kuadratnya bersifat real dan berbeda

10. Fungsi kuadrat f(x) = x² – 4x + 5 tidak memiliki akar real.
Pernyataan yang benar dari fungsi tersebut adalah …
1. Diskriminan bernilai negatif
2. Grafik tidak memotong sumbu-x
3. Titik puncak grafik berada di atas sumbu-x
4. Nilai minimum fungsi adalah 1

13. Berikut data penghasilan (dalam juta rupiah) dari 7 karyawan:
5, 7, 8, 6, 6, 9, 60
Manakah ukuran pemusatan yang paling tepat untuk mewakili penghasilan “kebanyakan” karyawan?

14. Pada suatu percobaan, jumlah molekul gas X yang terbentuk mengikuti deret aritmatika. Pada percobaan pertama, jumlah molekul gas X adalah 10 molekul, dan pada percobaan kedua adalah 15 molekul. Tentukan jumlah molekul gas X pada percobaan ke-7.

15. Sebuah barisan aritmetika memiliki suku pertama a = 7 dan beda b = 4. Berapa jumlah 15 suku pertama barisan tersebut?

16. Jika 4 pekerja dapat menyelesaikan sebuah proyek dalam 12 hari, maka berapa hari yang dibutuhkan oleh 6 pekerja untuk menyelesaikan proyek yang sama (dengan efisiensi kerja tetap)?

17. Dalam suatu lomba, 6 siswa maju ke babak final. Mereka akan duduk dalam satu deret kursi. Namun, dua di antaranya, yaitu Rani dan Andi, tidak mau duduk berdampingan. Berapa banyak susunan duduk yang mungkin terjadi?

18. Perhatikan deret bilangan berikut:
2, 6, 12, 20, 30, …
Jika pola tersebut dilanjutkan, maka bilangan ke-8 dalam pola tersebut adalah …

20. Jika f(x) = 2x + 1 dan g(x) = x², maka nilai dari (f ∘ g)(2) adalah …

21. Sebuah pabrik membuat barang dengan biaya produksi yang tergantung pada jumlah barang yang diproduksi. Biaya produksi (dalam juta rupiah) dinyatakan oleh fungsi:
f(x) = 2x + 5
dengan x adalah jumlah unit barang yang diproduksi (dalam ratusan).
Jika pabrik memproduksi 400 unit barang, berapakah total biaya produksinya?

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000–4500 K (2727–4227 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (“proper motions”) of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s convective zone that get “wound up” by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

81. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000–4500 K (2727–4227 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (“proper motions”) of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s convective zone that get “wound up” by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

82. What is the closest meaning of the word “eddy” in line 3?

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000–4500 K (2727–4227 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (“proper motions”) of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s convective zone that get “wound up” by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

83. In what course is the passage most probably given?

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000–4500 K (2727–4227 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (“proper motions”) of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s convective zone that get “wound up” by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

84. The word “emerge” in line 13 is closest in meaning to …

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000–4500 K (2727–4227 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (“proper motions”) of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s convective zone that get “wound up” by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

85. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate – a process in which a seed embryo develops into a seedling – and is affected by a number of different conditions. Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced. Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die. Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example. “Dormancy” is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It is possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low. Environmental conditions effecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.

86. What is the main point of the passage?

Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate – a process in which a seed embryo develops into a seedling – and is affected by a number of different conditions. Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced. Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die. Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example. “Dormancy” is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It is possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low. Environmental conditions effecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.

87. Which of the following probably the subject of the following paragraph?

Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate – a process in which a seed embryo develops into a seedling – and is affected by a number of different conditions. Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced. Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die. Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example. “Dormancy” is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It is possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low. Environmental conditions effecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.

88. What course is the passage most probably given?

Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate – a process in which a seed embryo develops into a seedling – and is affected by a number of different conditions. Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced. Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die. Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example. “Dormancy” is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It is possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low. Environmental conditions effecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.

89. The word “dispersed” in line 6 could be replaced by …

Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate – a process in which a seed embryo develops into a seedling – and is affected by a number of different conditions. Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced. Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die. Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example. “Dormancy” is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It is possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low. Environmental conditions effecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.

90. The word “viable” in line 19 is closest in meaning to …

Sambalpuri sari fabrics reflect …(91)… original style of craft known as Baandha. …(92)…, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently, new types of Baandha …(93)… portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed. Baandha fabric is created using a tie-dye technique. The yarns …(94)… according to the …(95)… patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed. The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called ‘Baandha’. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both side of the fabric.

91. Choose the correct answer for blank (91).

Sambalpuri sari fabrics reflect …(91)… original style of craft known as Baandha. …(92)…, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently, new types of Baandha …(93)… portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed. Baandha fabric is created using a tie-dye technique. The yarns …(94)… according to the …(95)… patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed. The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called ‘Baandha’. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both side of the fabric.

92. Choose the correct answer for blank (92).

Sambalpuri sari fabrics reflect …(91)… original style of craft known as Baandha. …(92)…, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently, new types of Baandha …(93)… portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed. Baandha fabric is created using a tie-dye technique. The yarns …(94)… according to the …(95)… patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed. The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called ‘Baandha’. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both side of the fabric.

93. Choose the correct answer for blank (93).

Sambalpuri sari fabrics reflect …(91)… original style of craft known as Baandha. …(92)…, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently, new types of Baandha …(93)… portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed. Baandha fabric is created using a tie-dye technique. The yarns …(94)… according to the …(95)… patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed. The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called ‘Baandha’. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both side of the fabric.

94. Choose the correct answer for blank (94).

Sambalpuri sari fabrics reflect …(91)… original style of craft known as Baandha. …(92)…, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently, new types of Baandha …(93)… portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed. Baandha fabric is created using a tie-dye technique. The yarns …(94)… according to the …(95)… patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed. The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called ‘Baandha’. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both side of the fabric.

95. Choose the correct answer for blank (95).

_____________. So far we have been concerned primarily with positive economic theories. Such “scientific” theories take the real world as an object to be studied, attempting to explain those economic phenomena that are observed. Positive economics seeks to determine how resources are in fact allocated in an economy. A somewhat different use of economic theory is normative, taking a definite stance about what should be done. Under the heading of normative analysis, economists have a great deal to say about how resources should be allocated. For example, an economist engaged in positive analysis might investigate why and how the American health care industry uses the quantities of capital, labor, and land that are currently devoted to providing medical services. The economist might also choose to measure the costs and benefits of devoting even more resources to health care. But when economists advocate that more resources should be allocated to health, they have implicitly moved into normative analysis.

1. This paragraph should begin with _____

_____________. So far we have been concerned primarily with positive economic theories. Such “scientific” theories take the real world as an object to be studied, attempting to explain those economic phenomena that are observed. Positive economics seeks to determine how resources are in fact allocated in an economy. A somewhat different use of economic theory is normative, taking a definite stance about what should be done. Under the heading of normative analysis, economists have a great deal to say about how resources should be allocated. For example, an economist engaged in positive analysis might investigate why and how the American health care industry uses the quantities of capital, labor, and land that are currently devoted to providing medical services. The economist might also choose to measure the costs and benefits of devoting even more resources to health care. But when economists advocate that more resources should be allocated to health, they have implicitly moved into normative analysis.

2. From the passage, we can conclude that _____.

Refugees are obviously not a new phenomenon. It has been said that Adam and Eve share the dubious honor of being the first refugees. In biblical times the Hebrews, to escape from slavery under the pharaos, fled from Egypt in one of the first recorded collective migrations. Throughout history, wars, invasions, and religious and political persecutions have left a trail of refugees and a concomitant acceptance of the right in churches, mosques, and other holy places. The 17th century Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius, himself a refugee, declared that “permanent residence ought not to be denied to foreigners who, expelled from their homes, are seeking a refuge, provided that they submit themselves to the established government and observe any regulations which are necessary to avoid strifes.” However, until the 20th century, there were no international agreements covering the right of asylum. Only in a few instances appropriate national legislation was enacted.

3. The topic of this paragraph is ____.

Refugees are obviously not a new phenomenon. It has been said that Adam and Eve share the dubious honor of being the first refugees. In biblical times the Hebrews, to escape from slavery under the pharaos, fled from Egypt in one of the first recorded collective migrations. Throughout history, wars, invasions, and religious and political persecutions have left a trail of refugees and a concomitant acceptance of the right in churches, mosques, and other holy places. The 17th century Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius, himself a refugee, declared that “permanent residence ought not to be denied to foreigners who, expelled from their homes, are seeking a refuge, provided that they submit themselves to the established government and observe any regulations which are necessary to avoid strifes.” However, until the 20th century, there were no international agreements covering the right of asylum. Only in a few instances appropriate national legislation was enacted.

4. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses _____.

The real reasons why bombs were dropped on two heavily-populated cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are not altogether clear. A number of people in 1944 and early 1945 argued that the use of nuclear weapons would be unnecessary, since American Intelligence was aware that some of the most powerful and influential people in Japan had already realized that the war was lost, and wanted to negotiate a Japanese surrender. It was also argued that, since Japan has few natural resources, a blockade by the American navy would force it to surrender within a few weeks, and the use of nuclear weapons would thus prove unnecessary. If a demonstration of force was required to end the war, a bomb could be dropped over an unpopulated area like a desert, in front of Japanese observers, or over an area of low population inside Japan, such as a forest. Opting for this course of action might minimize the loss of further lives on all sides, while the power of nuclear weapons would still be adequately demonstrated.

5. The topic of the passage is ____.

The real reasons why bombs were dropped on two heavily-populated cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are not altogether clear. A number of people in 1944 and early 1945 argued that the use of nuclear weapons would be unnecessary, since American Intelligence was aware that some of the most powerful and influential people in Japan had already realized that the war was lost, and wanted to negotiate a Japanese surrender. It was also argued that, since Japan has few natural resources, a blockade by the American navy would force it to surrender within a few weeks, and the use of nuclear weapons would thus prove unnecessary. If a demonstration of force was required to end the war, a bomb could be dropped over an unpopulated area like a desert, in front of Japanese observers, or over an area of low population inside Japan, such as a forest. Opting for this course of action might minimize the loss of further lives on all sides, while the power of nuclear weapons would still be adequately demonstrated.

6. The preceding paragraph discusses ________.

__________. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory because of the development of gene splicing – the joining of genes. On the one hand, the ability to create life in the laboratory could greatly benefit humankind. One beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture. For example, researchers have engineered a more nutritious type of rice that could help alleviate the serious problem of vitamin A deficiency. It is estimated that 124 million children worldwide lack vitamin A, putting them at risk of permanent blindness and other health issues. However, not everyone is positive about gene-splicing technology. Some people feel that it could have terrible consequences. In fact a type of corn engineered to kill a certain insect pest also threatened to wipe out desirable monarch butterflies. In another accident, a genetically engineered type of corn that was approved only for animal consumption because it was toxic to humans accidentally cross-pollinated with corn grown for humans. As a result many countries banned imports of genetically modified corn for several years.

7. Which of the following sentences should begin the paragraph?

__________. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory because of the development of gene splicing – the joining of genes. On the one hand, the ability to create life in the laboratory could greatly benefit humankind. One beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture. For example, researchers have engineered a more nutritious type of rice that could help alleviate the serious problem of vitamin A deficiency. It is estimated that 124 million children worldwide lack vitamin A, putting them at risk of permanent blindness and other health issues. However, not everyone is positive about gene-splicing technology. Some people feel that it could have terrible consequences. In fact a type of corn engineered to kill a certain insect pest also threatened to wipe out desirable monarch butterflies. In another accident, a genetically engineered type of corn that was approved only for animal consumption because it was toxic to humans accidentally cross-pollinated with corn grown for humans. As a result many countries banned imports of genetically modified corn for several years.

8. This paragraph may be followed by a paragraph that discusses ____.

The modern mummification process differs from the technique followed by the Egyptians. Embalming dead bodies requires knowledge in different disciplines like pathology, chemistry, anatomy, microbiology and chemistry. A sound knowledge and expertise are needed in advanced fields of cosmetology and restorative art since the procedure demands both time and skills. The embalmer is supposed to follow the standard guidelines on the deceased. The body needs to be properly prepared prior to the embalming process and then the surgical techniques are applied. The process primarily aims at disinfecting the body and then preserving it. Sometimes, families prefer to restore the dead for a certain period in order to pacify their grief and then perform the funeral accordingly. The process of embalming involves preparation of the body, removal of organs, washing, disinfecting, dressing and then casketing. This mummification process requires a couple of days for successful completion. The West has partaken this body preservation method from the Egyptians. Although the techniques are improvised, the motive remains the same.

9. What is the topic of the paragraph?

The modern mummification process differs from the technique followed by the Egyptians. Embalming dead bodies requires knowledge in different disciplines like pathology, chemistry, anatomy, microbiology and chemistry. A sound knowledge and expertise are needed in advanced fields of cosmetology and restorative art since the procedure demands both time and skills. The embalmer is supposed to follow the standard guidelines on the deceased. The body needs to be properly prepared prior to the embalming process and then the surgical techniques are applied. The process primarily aims at disinfecting the body and then preserving it. Sometimes, families prefer to restore the dead for a certain period in order to pacify their grief and then perform the funeral accordingly. The process of embalming involves preparation of the body, removal of organs, washing, disinfecting, dressing and then casketing. This mummification process requires a couple of days for successful completion. The West has partaken this body preservation method from the Egyptians. Although the techniques are improvised, the motive remains the same.

10. What does the following paragraph most likely discuss?

1. Lambang sila pertama Pancasila ‘Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa’ pada perisai Garuda adalah…

2. Pancasila resmi ditetapkan sebagai dasar negara pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 oleh…

3. Sila ‘Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab’ dilambangkan dengan rantai emas. Rantai bermata bulat melambangkan…

4. Rumusan Pancasila yang sah dan konstitusional tercantum dalam…

5. Tokoh yang pertama mengusulkan nama ‘Pancasila’ sebagai dasar negara dalam sidang BPUPKI adalah…

6. Pengamalan sila ketiga Pancasila ‘Persatuan Indonesia’ dalam kehidupan sehari-hari adalah…

7. Contoh perilaku yang mencerminkan nilai sila keempat Pancasila adalah…

8. Makna semboyan ‘Bhinneka Tunggal Ika’ yang tertera pada Garuda Pancasila adalah…

9. Pancasila sebagai ‘ideologi terbuka’ artinya nilai-nilai Pancasila dapat…

10. Garuda Pancasila memiliki 17 helai bulu sayap, 8 bulu ekor, dan 45 bulu leher. Angka-angka ini melambangkan…

11. Nilai keadilan sosial dalam sila kelima Pancasila tercermin dalam program pemerintah berupa…

12. Pancasila disebut sebagai ‘kepribadian bangsa’ karena nilai-nilainya merupakan…

13. Ketua Panitia Sembilan yang merumuskan Piagam Jakarta pada 22 Juni 1945 adalah…

14. Contoh pengamalan sila pertama Pancasila dalam kehidupan kampus adalah…

15. Menurut Pancasila, kebebasan seseorang dalam menjalankan haknya dibatasi oleh…

16. Organisasi pergerakan nasional modern pertama Indonesia yang didirikan pada 20 Mei 1908 adalah…

17. Sumpah Pemuda yang diikrarkan 28 Oktober 1928 menegaskan tiga hal. Salah satunya adalah pengakuan bahasa persatuan yaitu…

18. Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia pada 17 Agustus 1945 dibacakan di…

19. Tujuan para pemuda membawa Soekarno-Hatta ke Rengasdengklok pada 16 Agustus 1945 adalah…

20. Pahlawan nasional yang dikenal sebagai ‘Bapak Pendidikan Nasional’ Indonesia adalah…

21. Lagu kebangsaan Indonesia Raya pertama kali dikumandangkan pada…

22. Pertempuran 10 November 1945 di Surabaya yang kini diperingati sebagai Hari Pahlawan dipimpin oleh…

23. Konferensi Asia-Afrika yang berlangsung di Bandung pada April 1955 dihadiri oleh negara-negara…

24. Sistem Tanam Paksa (Cultuurstelsel) yang diterapkan Belanda tahun 1830 dicetuskan oleh…

25. PPKI mengesahkan UUD 1945 dan memilih presiden-wakil presiden pertama RI pada tanggal…

26. Perang Diponegoro (1825-1830) yang merupakan perlawanan besar terhadap Belanda berlangsung di wilayah…

27. Era Reformasi Indonesia dimulai setelah Presiden Soeharto mengundurkan diri pada tanggal…

28. Operasi Trikora yang dilancarkan Soekarno bertujuan merebut kembali…

29. Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959 menyatakan bahwa Indonesia kembali menggunakan…

30. Perjuangan R.A. Kartini bagi perempuan Indonesia difokuskan pada bidang…

31. Pemilihan presiden secara langsung oleh rakyat pertama kali dilaksanakan di Indonesia pada tahun…

32. Lembaga negara yang berwenang melakukan uji materi undang-undang terhadap UUD 1945 adalah…

33. Hak memperoleh pendidikan bagi setiap warga negara Indonesia dijamin dalam UUD 1945 Pasal…

34. Dalam sistem presidensial Indonesia, menteri-menteri bertanggung jawab kepada…

35. Asas ius soli berarti seseorang mendapatkan kewarganegaraan berdasarkan…

36. Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) sebagai penyelenggara pemilu bersifat…

37. Hak Asasi Manusia bersifat universal, artinya HAM berlaku untuk…

38. Prinsip pemisahan kekuasaan menjadi eksekutif, legislatif, dan yudikatif disebut konsep…

39. Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) memiliki tugas utama untuk…

40. Seseorang dapat kehilangan kewarganegaraan Indonesia apabila secara sukarela…

41. Dalam hierarki peraturan perundang-undangan, peraturan yang berada tepat di bawah UUD 1945 adalah…

42. Otonomi daerah di Indonesia bertujuan untuk…

43. Lembaga negara yang bertugas mengawasi perilaku dan etika hakim di Indonesia adalah…

44. Presiden dan wakil presiden RI memegang jabatan selama lima tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali maksimal…

45. Negara Indonesia menganut sistem pemerintahan presidensial. Ciri utama sistem ini adalah…

46. Landasan hukum kewajiban bela negara bagi setiap warga negara Indonesia terdapat dalam UUD 1945…

47. Salah satu contoh nyata bela negara di bidang ekonomi yang dapat dilakukan mahasiswa adalah…

48. Lima nilai dasar bela negara meliputi cinta tanah air, sadar berbangsa, yakin Pancasila, rela berkorban, dan…

49. Dalam sistem pertahanan Indonesia, Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) berperan sebagai komponen…

50. Wawasan Nusantara berfungsi sebagai panduan bagi bangsa Indonesia untuk…

51. Ancaman nirmiliter terhadap NKRI yang paling sering dijumpai mahasiswa di era digital adalah…

52. Korupsi dianggap sebagai ancaman ketahanan nasional karena dampak langsungnya adalah…

53. Tindakan yang tepat saat menemukan konten provokatif bernuansa SARA di media sosial adalah…

54. Ketahanan nasional Indonesia dalam bidang ideologi diukur dari sejauh mana masyarakat…

55. Kewajiban bela negara bagi warga sipil dapat diwujudkan dalam bentuk paling sederhana yaitu…

56. Program bela negara di perguruan tinggi bertujuan membentuk mahasiswa yang berkarakter…

57. Seorang mahasiswa memposting berita bohong tentang konflik antarsuku. Tindakan itu dapat dikategorikan sebagai…