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The most common causes of tsunamis are underwater earthquakes. To understand you must first understand plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics suggests that the lithosphere, or top layer of the Earth, is made up of a series of huge plates. These plates make up the continents and seafloor. They rest on an underlying viscous layer called the asthenosphere.

Think of pie cut into eight slices. The pie crust would be the lithosphere and the hot, sticky pie filling underneath would be the asthenosphere. On the earth, this plates are constantly in motion, moving along each other at a speed of 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) per year. The movement occurs most dramatically along fault lines (where the pie is cut). These motions are capable of producing earthquakes and volcanism, which, when they occur at the bottom of the ocean, are two possible sources of tsunamis.

When two plates come into contact at a region known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate can slip under a lighter one. This is called subduction. Underwater subduction often leaves enormous “handprints” in the form of deep ocean trenches along the seafloor. In some cases of subduction, part of the seafloor connected to the lighter plate may “snap up” suddenly due to pressure from the sinking plate. This results in an earthquake. The focus of the earthquake is the point within the Earth where the rupture first occurs, rock break  and the first seismic waves are generated. The epicenter is the point on the seafloor directly above the focus.

When this piece of the plate snaps up and sends tons of rock shooting upward with tremendous force, the energy of that farce is transferred to the water. The energy pushes the water upward above normal sea level. This is birth of a tsunami. The earthquake that generated the December 26, 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean was a 9.0 on the Richter scale – one of the biggest in recorded history.
31. Which of the following best states the topic of this
text?

The most common causes of tsunamis are underwater earthquakes. To understand you must first understand plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics suggests that the lithosphere, or top layer of the Earth, is made up of a series of huge plates. These plates make up the continents and seafloor. They rest on an underlying viscous layer called the asthenosphere.

Think of pie cut into eight slices. The pie crust would be the lithosphere and the hot, sticky pie filling underneath would be the asthenosphere. On the earth, this plates are constantly in motion, moving along each other at a speed of 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) per year. The movement occurs most dramatically along fault lines (where the pie is cut). These motions are capable of producing earthquakes and volcanism, which, when they occur at the bottom of the ocean, are two possible sources of tsunamis.

When two plates come into contact at a region known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate can slip under a lighter one. This is called subduction. Underwater subduction often leaves enormous “handprints” in the form of deep ocean trenches along the seafloor. In some cases of subduction, part of the seafloor connected to the lighter plate may “snap up” suddenly due to pressure from the sinking plate. This results in an earthquake. The focus of the earthquake is the point within the Earth where the rupture first occurs, rock break  and the first seismic waves are generated. The epicenter is the point on the seafloor directly above the focus.

When this piece of the plate snaps up and sends tons of rock shooting upward with tremendous force, the energy of that farce is transferred to the water. The energy pushes the water upward above normal sea level. This is birth of a tsunami. The earthquake that generated the December 26, 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean was a 9.0 on the Richter scale – one of the biggest in recorded history.
32. The main idea of this text is that ….

The most common causes of tsunamis are underwater earthquakes. To understand you must first understand plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics suggests that the lithosphere, or top layer of the Earth, is made up of a series of huge plates. These plates make up the continents and seafloor. They rest on an underlying viscous layer called the asthenosphere.

Think of pie cut into eight slices. The pie crust would be the lithosphere and the hot, sticky pie filling underneath would be the asthenosphere. On the earth, this plates are constantly in motion, moving along each other at a speed of 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) per year. The movement occurs most dramatically along fault lines (where the pie is cut). These motions are capable of producing earthquakes and volcanism, which, when they occur at the bottom of the ocean, are two possible sources of tsunamis.

When two plates come into contact at a region known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate can slip under a lighter one. This is called subduction. Underwater subduction often leaves enormous “handprints” in the form of deep ocean trenches along the seafloor. In some cases of subduction, part of the seafloor connected to the lighter plate may “snap up” suddenly due to pressure from the sinking plate. This results in an earthquake. The focus of the earthquake is the point within the Earth where the rupture first occurs, rock break  and the first seismic waves are generated. The epicenter is the point on the seafloor directly above the focus.

When this piece of the plate snaps up and sends tons of rock shooting upward with tremendous force, the energy of that farce is transferred to the water. The energy pushes the water upward above normal sea level. This is birth of a tsunami. The earthquake that generated the December 26, 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean was a 9.0 on the Richter scale – one of the biggest in recorded history.
33. Implied in the text is that the earthquake will
never occur when ….

The most common causes of tsunamis are underwater earthquakes. To understand you must first understand plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics suggests that the lithosphere, or top layer of the Earth, is made up of a series of huge plates. These plates make up the continents and seafloor. They rest on an underlying viscous layer called the asthenosphere.

Think of pie cut into eight slices. The pie crust would be the lithosphere and the hot, sticky pie filling underneath would be the asthenosphere. On the earth, this plates are constantly in motion, moving along each other at a speed of 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) per year. The movement occurs most dramatically along fault lines (where the pie is cut). These motions are capable of producing earthquakes and volcanism, which, when they occur at the bottom of the ocean, are two possible sources of tsunamis.

When two plates come into contact at a region known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate can slip under a lighter one. This is called subduction. Underwater subduction often leaves enormous “handprints” in the form of deep ocean trenches along the seafloor. In some cases of subduction, part of the seafloor connected to the lighter plate may “snap up” suddenly due to pressure from the sinking plate. This results in an earthquake. The focus of the earthquake is the point within the Earth where the rupture first occurs, rock break  and the first seismic waves are generated. The epicenter is the point on the seafloor directly above the focus.

When this piece of the plate snaps up and sends tons of rock shooting upward with tremendous force, the energy of that farce is transferred to the water. The energy pushes the water upward above normal sea level. This is birth of a tsunami. The earthquake that generated the December 26, 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean was a 9.0 on the Richter scale – one of the biggest in recorded history.
34. Which of the following natural disasters happening
in Indonesia is related to the fault movement of
plate tectonics?

The most common causes of tsunamis are underwater earthquakes. To understand you must first understand plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics suggests that the lithosphere, or top layer of the Earth, is made up of a series of huge plates. These plates make up the continents and seafloor. They rest on an underlying viscous layer called the asthenosphere.

Think of pie cut into eight slices. The pie crust would be the lithosphere and the hot, sticky pie filling underneath would be the asthenosphere. On the earth, this plates are constantly in motion, moving along each other at a speed of 1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) per year. The movement occurs most dramatically along fault lines (where the pie is cut). These motions are capable of producing earthquakes and volcanism, which, when they occur at the bottom of the ocean, are two possible sources of tsunamis.

When two plates come into contact at a region known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate can slip under a lighter one. This is called subduction. Underwater subduction often leaves enormous “handprints” in the form of deep ocean trenches along the seafloor. In some cases of subduction, part of the seafloor connected to the lighter plate may “snap up” suddenly due to pressure from the sinking plate. This results in an earthquake. The focus of the earthquake is the point within the Earth where the rupture first occurs, rock break  and the first seismic waves are generated. The epicenter is the point on the seafloor directly above the focus.

When this piece of the plate snaps up and sends tons of rock shooting upward with tremendous force, the energy of that farce is transferred to the water. The energy pushes the water upward above normal sea level. This is birth of a tsunami. The earthquake that generated the December 26, 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean was a 9.0 on the Richter scale – one of the biggest in recorded history.
35. The following is mentioned in the text about
tsunamis, EXCEPT that they are ….

Text 2
Indentifying ingredients in old paintings can help curators decide how best to maintain, display and restore them. The 17th-century Dutch artis, Rembrandt, was found to use wheat, according to new advanced analysis of two of his works. It is the first study to identify wheat starch in any of Rembrandt‟s work, even though scientists have perfomed numerous analyses on more than 150 of his.

In Rembrandt‟s time, artists mixed their own paints, which they then spread onto canvas in layers. Often, individual layers of the same piece of art contained different binding agents, pigments, varnishes and other ingredients. Besides color, each layer was mixed to just the right level of thickness, glossines, texture, evenness on the surface, drying time and more.

However, paint layers are though to analyze because they are spread so incredibly thin. The  thinnes ones rise just a thousandth of a millimeter above the layer below them. Using a variety of chemical and physical analytical methods, along with old written records, scientists have been able to identify pigments and other inorganic materials in many ancient paintings.

For the new study, the scientist used some of the most high-tech equipment around to look at the “Portrait of Nicolaes Van Bambeeck,” which Rembrandt van Rijn painted in 1641. First they  took a cross-section from a miniscule section of the painting. Then they used a variety of methods to probe the layers, including a technique called Time of Fly  Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry (To F SIMS). This technique involves sending a focused, high-energy beam of ions at the layered sample, then observing the ions that bounce back. By analyzing the energy and chemical nature of the ejected ions, scientists can deduce detailed information about the types of elements and chemical bonds held within.

For the second greyish layer of paint on the “Portrait of Nicolaes van Bambeeck,” the scan showed, Rembrandt mixed oil and a small amount of lead with wheat flour. It‟s not clear yet whether Rembrandt used wheat earlier or continued to use ingredient after painting the “Portrait of Nicolaed van Bambeeck,” who was a rich wool merchant. But the researchers also found wheat in the “Portrait of Agatha Bas,” the merchant‟s wife.
36. What would the paragraph following the passage
be likely to discuss?

Text 2
Indentifying ingredients in old paintings can help curators decide how best to maintain, display and restore them. The 17th-century Dutch artis, Rembrandt, was found to use wheat, according to new advanced analysis of two of his works. It is the first study to identify wheat starch in any of Rembrandt‟s work, even though scientists have perfomed numerous analyses on more than 150 of his.

In Rembrandt‟s time, artists mixed their own paints, which they then spread onto canvas in layers. Often, individual layers of the same piece of art contained different binding agents, pigments, varnishes and other ingredients. Besides color, each layer was mixed to just the right level of thickness, glossines, texture, evenness on the surface, drying time and more.

However, paint layers are though to analyze because they are spread so incredibly thin. The  thinnes ones rise just a thousandth of a millimeter above the layer below them. Using a variety of chemical and physical analytical methods, along with old written records, scientists have been able to identify pigments and other inorganic materials in many ancient paintings.

For the new study, the scientist used some of the most high-tech equipment around to look at the “Portrait of Nicolaes Van Bambeeck,” which Rembrandt van Rijn painted in 1641. First they  took a cross-section from a miniscule section of the painting. Then they used a variety of methods to probe the layers, including a technique called Time of Fly  Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry (To F SIMS). This technique involves sending a focused, high-energy beam of ions at the layered sample, then observing the ions that bounce back. By analyzing the energy and chemical nature of the ejected ions, scientists can deduce detailed information about the types of elements and chemical bonds held within.

For the second greyish layer of paint on the “Portrait of Nicolaes van Bambeeck,” the scan showed, Rembrandt mixed oil and a small amount of lead with wheat flour. It‟s not clear yet whether Rembrandt used wheat earlier or continued to use ingredient after painting the “Portrait of Nicolaed van Bambeeck,” who was a rich wool merchant. But the researchers also found wheat in the “Portrait of Agatha Bas,” the merchant‟s wife.
37. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?

Text 2
Indentifying ingredients in old paintings can help curators decide how best to maintain, display and restore them. The 17th-century Dutch artis, Rembrandt, was found to use wheat, according to new advanced analysis of two of his works. It is the first study to identify wheat starch in any of Rembrandt‟s work, even though scientists have perfomed numerous analyses on more than 150 of his.

In Rembrandt‟s time, artists mixed their own paints, which they then spread onto canvas in layers. Often, individual layers of the same piece of art contained different binding agents, pigments, varnishes and other ingredients. Besides color, each layer was mixed to just the right level of thickness, glossines, texture, evenness on the surface, drying time and more.

However, paint layers are though to analyze because they are spread so incredibly thin. The  thinnes ones rise just a thousandth of a millimeter above the layer below them. Using a variety of chemical and physical analytical methods, along with old written records, scientists have been able to identify pigments and other inorganic materials in many ancient paintings.

For the new study, the scientist used some of the most high-tech equipment around to look at the “Portrait of Nicolaes Van Bambeeck,” which Rembrandt van Rijn painted in 1641. First they  took a cross-section from a miniscule section of the painting. Then they used a variety of methods to probe the layers, including a technique called Time of Fly  Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry (To F SIMS). This technique involves sending a focused, high-energy beam of ions at the layered sample, then observing the ions that bounce back. By analyzing the energy and chemical nature of the ejected ions, scientists can deduce detailed information about the types of elements and chemical bonds held within.

For the second greyish layer of paint on the “Portrait of Nicolaes van Bambeeck,” the scan showed, Rembrandt mixed oil and a small amount of lead with wheat flour. It‟s not clear yet whether Rembrandt used wheat earlier or continued to use ingredient after painting the “Portrait of Nicolaed van Bambeeck,” who was a rich wool merchant. But the researchers also found wheat in the “Portrait of Agatha Bas,” the merchant‟s wife.
38. According to paragraph 1, which of the following
words can best describe scientists effort to identify
ingredients in Rembrandt‟s paintings?

Text 2
Indentifying ingredients in old paintings can help curators decide how best to maintain, display and restore them. The 17th-century Dutch artis, Rembrandt, was found to use wheat, according to new advanced analysis of two of his works. It is the first study to identify wheat starch in any of Rembrandt‟s work, even though scientists have perfomed numerous analyses on more than 150 of his.

In Rembrandt‟s time, artists mixed their own paints, which they then spread onto canvas in layers. Often, individual layers of the same piece of art contained different binding agents, pigments, varnishes and other ingredients. Besides color, each layer was mixed to just the right level of thickness, glossines, texture, evenness on the surface, drying time and more.

However, paint layers are though to analyze because they are spread so incredibly thin. The  thinnes ones rise just a thousandth of a millimeter above the layer below them. Using a variety of chemical and physical analytical methods, along with old written records, scientists have been able to identify pigments and other inorganic materials in many ancient paintings.

For the new study, the scientist used some of the most high-tech equipment around to look at the “Portrait of Nicolaes Van Bambeeck,” which Rembrandt van Rijn painted in 1641. First they  took a cross-section from a miniscule section of the painting. Then they used a variety of methods to probe the layers, including a technique called Time of Fly  Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry (To F SIMS). This technique involves sending a focused, high-energy beam of ions at the layered sample, then observing the ions that bounce back. By analyzing the energy and chemical nature of the ejected ions, scientists can deduce detailed information about the types of elements and chemical bonds held within.

For the second greyish layer of paint on the “Portrait of Nicolaes van Bambeeck,” the scan showed, Rembrandt mixed oil and a small amount of lead with wheat flour. It‟s not clear yet whether Rembrandt used wheat earlier or continued to use ingredient after painting the “Portrait of Nicolaed van Bambeeck,” who was a rich wool merchant. But the researchers also found wheat in the “Portrait of Agatha Bas,” the merchant‟s wife.
39. How does the author organize the ideas in the
passage?

Text 2
Indentifying ingredients in old paintings can help curators decide how best to maintain, display and restore them. The 17th-century Dutch artis, Rembrandt, was found to use wheat, according to new advanced analysis of two of his works. It is the first study to identify wheat starch in any of Rembrandt‟s work, even though scientists have perfomed numerous analyses on more than 150 of his.

In Rembrandt‟s time, artists mixed their own paints, which they then spread onto canvas in layers. Often, individual layers of the same piece of art contained different binding agents, pigments, varnishes and other ingredients. Besides color, each layer was mixed to just the right level of thickness, glossines, texture, evenness on the surface, drying time and more.

However, paint layers are though to analyze because they are spread so incredibly thin. The  thinnes ones rise just a thousandth of a millimeter above the layer below them. Using a variety of chemical and physical analytical methods, along with old written records, scientists have been able to identify pigments and other inorganic materials in many ancient paintings.

For the new study, the scientist used some of the most high-tech equipment around to look at the “Portrait of Nicolaes Van Bambeeck,” which Rembrandt van Rijn painted in 1641. First they  took a cross-section from a miniscule section of the painting. Then they used a variety of methods to probe the layers, including a technique called Time of Fly  Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry (To F SIMS). This technique involves sending a focused, high-energy beam of ions at the layered sample, then observing the ions that bounce back. By analyzing the energy and chemical nature of the ejected ions, scientists can deduce detailed information about the types of elements and chemical bonds held within.

For the second greyish layer of paint on the “Portrait of Nicolaes van Bambeeck,” the scan showed, Rembrandt mixed oil and a small amount of lead with wheat flour. It‟s not clear yet whether Rembrandt used wheat earlier or continued to use ingredient after painting the “Portrait of Nicolaed van Bambeeck,” who was a rich wool merchant. But the researchers also found wheat in the “Portrait of Agatha Bas,” the merchant‟s wife.
40. What does the word „they‟ in “… own paints, which
they then …(line 5) refer to?

Text A
Soaring carbon emissions from a meat-hungry developing world could be cut back substantially by improving animal breeds and feed, according to a study. It is estimated that livestock farming  contributes 18-51 per cent of the world‟s greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for livestock products is predicted to double by 2050 as a result of growing populations, urbanization, and better income in the developing world, which will cause  emissions to rise

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, suggest that 12 per cent of total livestock-related emissions in 2030 could easily be shortened with simple  improvements in production. These include: switching to more nutritious pasture grasses; supplenting livestock diets based on grass with small amounts of crop residues or grains; restoring degraded grazing lands; growing trees that trap  carbon while producing leaves that livestock could eat; and adopting more productive breeds.

“Organizations from the West, especially the World Watch Institute, have continued to blame livestock-keeping for being one of the major  polluters of the world, yet livestock keeping‟s possitives by far outweigh the negative,” said Mario Herrero, co-author of the paper and a senior scientist at International Livestock Research Institute.

Text B
Livestock farmers in developing countries have a relatively small environmental footprint and their animals provide them with food, income and transport for their crops, said John Byron. “What  these farmers need are technological options and economic incentives that help them intensify their production in sustainable ways,” he added.

Steinfeld, coordinator of the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative at the  Food and Agriculture Organization, said: “If one were able to connect this to smallholder development by making poor farmers benefit through the possibility of carbon offsets and carbon markets that would indeed create a win-win  situation where one would have socioeconomic benefits, targeting poor people, while reducing the carbon „hoofprints‟ i.e the carbon footprint of livestock”.

Improving livestock production should be done  to improve livehoods and not just for climate reasons, said Kirtana Chandrasekaran, food campaigner for Friends of the Earth. She added that intensive agriculture also contributes to biodiversity loss so “it‟s very dangerous” just to  look at lowering emissions “when there‟s a whole host of other factor affecting improvement in livestock farming”.
41. The theme of these two text would most likely be
…

Text A
Soaring carbon emissions from a meat-hungry developing world could be cut back substantially by improving animal breeds and feed, according to a study. It is estimated that livestock farming  contributes 18-51 per cent of the world‟s greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for livestock products is predicted to double by 2050 as a result of growing populations, urbanization, and better income in the developing world, which will cause  emissions to rise

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, suggest that 12 per cent of total livestock-related emissions in 2030 could easily be shortened with simple  improvements in production. These include: switching to more nutritious pasture grasses; supplenting livestock diets based on grass with small amounts of crop residues or grains; restoring degraded grazing lands; growing trees that trap  carbon while producing leaves that livestock could eat; and adopting more productive breeds.

“Organizations from the West, especially the World Watch Institute, have continued to blame livestock-keeping for being one of the major  polluters of the world, yet livestock keeping‟s possitives by far outweigh the negative,” said Mario Herrero, co-author of the paper and a senior scientist at International Livestock Research Institute.

Text B
Livestock farmers in developing countries have a relatively small environmental footprint and their animals provide them with food, income and transport for their crops, said John Byron. “What  these farmers need are technological options and economic incentives that help them intensify their production in sustainable ways,” he added.

Steinfeld, coordinator of the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative at the  Food and Agriculture Organization, said: “If one were able to connect this to smallholder development by making poor farmers benefit through the possibility of carbon offsets and carbon markets that would indeed create a win-win  situation where one would have socioeconomic benefits, targeting poor people, while reducing the carbon „hoofprints‟ i.e the carbon footprint of livestock”.

Improving livestock production should be done  to improve livehoods and not just for climate reasons, said Kirtana Chandrasekaran, food campaigner for Friends of the Earth. She added that intensive agriculture also contributes to biodiversity loss so “it‟s very dangerous” just to  look at lowering emissions “when there‟s a whole host of other factor affecting improvement in livestock farming”.
42. The following ideas reflect opinions in two texts,
EXCEPT …

Text A
Soaring carbon emissions from a meat-hungry developing world could be cut back substantially by improving animal breeds and feed, according to a study. It is estimated that livestock farming  contributes 18-51 per cent of the world‟s greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for livestock products is predicted to double by 2050 as a result of growing populations, urbanization, and better income in the developing world, which will cause  emissions to rise

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, suggest that 12 per cent of total livestock-related emissions in 2030 could easily be shortened with simple  improvements in production. These include: switching to more nutritious pasture grasses; supplenting livestock diets based on grass with small amounts of crop residues or grains; restoring degraded grazing lands; growing trees that trap  carbon while producing leaves that livestock could eat; and adopting more productive breeds.

“Organizations from the West, especially the World Watch Institute, have continued to blame livestock-keeping for being one of the major  polluters of the world, yet livestock keeping‟s possitives by far outweigh the negative,” said Mario Herrero, co-author of the paper and a senior scientist at International Livestock Research Institute.

Text B
Livestock farmers in developing countries have a relatively small environmental footprint and their animals provide them with food, income and transport for their crops, said John Byron. “What  these farmers need are technological options and economic incentives that help them intensify their production in sustainable ways,” he added.

Steinfeld, coordinator of the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative at the  Food and Agriculture Organization, said: “If one were able to connect this to smallholder development by making poor farmers benefit through the possibility of carbon offsets and carbon markets that would indeed create a win-win  situation where one would have socioeconomic benefits, targeting poor people, while reducing the carbon „hoofprints‟ i.e the carbon footprint of livestock”.

Improving livestock production should be done  to improve livehoods and not just for climate reasons, said Kirtana Chandrasekaran, food campaigner for Friends of the Earth. She added that intensive agriculture also contributes to biodiversity loss so “it‟s very dangerous” just to  look at lowering emissions “when there‟s a whole host of other factor affecting improvement in livestock farming”.
43. It can be concluded from the two texts that cattle
productions are considered „succesful‟ if they …

Text A
Soaring carbon emissions from a meat-hungry developing world could be cut back substantially by improving animal breeds and feed, according to a study. It is estimated that livestock farming  contributes 18-51 per cent of the world‟s greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for livestock products is predicted to double by 2050 as a result of growing populations, urbanization, and better income in the developing world, which will cause  emissions to rise

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, suggest that 12 per cent of total livestock-related emissions in 2030 could easily be shortened with simple  improvements in production. These include: switching to more nutritious pasture grasses; supplenting livestock diets based on grass with small amounts of crop residues or grains; restoring degraded grazing lands; growing trees that trap  carbon while producing leaves that livestock could eat; and adopting more productive breeds.

“Organizations from the West, especially the World Watch Institute, have continued to blame livestock-keeping for being one of the major  polluters of the world, yet livestock keeping‟s possitives by far outweigh the negative,” said Mario Herrero, co-author of the paper and a senior scientist at International Livestock Research Institute.

Text B
Livestock farmers in developing countries have a relatively small environmental footprint and their animals provide them with food, income and transport for their crops, said John Byron. “What  these farmers need are technological options and economic incentives that help them intensify their production in sustainable ways,” he added.

Steinfeld, coordinator of the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative at the  Food and Agriculture Organization, said: “If one were able to connect this to smallholder development by making poor farmers benefit through the possibility of carbon offsets and carbon markets that would indeed create a win-win  situation where one would have socioeconomic benefits, targeting poor people, while reducing the carbon „hoofprints‟ i.e the carbon footprint of livestock”.

Improving livestock production should be done  to improve livehoods and not just for climate reasons, said Kirtana Chandrasekaran, food campaigner for Friends of the Earth. She added that intensive agriculture also contributes to biodiversity loss so “it‟s very dangerous” just to  look at lowering emissions “when there‟s a whole host of other factor affecting improvement in livestock farming”.
44. Which of following statements can be hypothecally
figured out based on the information in these two
texts?

Text A
Soaring carbon emissions from a meat-hungry developing world could be cut back substantially by improving animal breeds and feed, according to a study. It is estimated that livestock farming  contributes 18-51 per cent of the world‟s greenhouse gas emissions. Demand for livestock products is predicted to double by 2050 as a result of growing populations, urbanization, and better income in the developing world, which will cause  emissions to rise

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, suggest that 12 per cent of total livestock-related emissions in 2030 could easily be shortened with simple  improvements in production. These include: switching to more nutritious pasture grasses; supplenting livestock diets based on grass with small amounts of crop residues or grains; restoring degraded grazing lands; growing trees that trap  carbon while producing leaves that livestock could eat; and adopting more productive breeds.

“Organizations from the West, especially the World Watch Institute, have continued to blame livestock-keeping for being one of the major  polluters of the world, yet livestock keeping‟s possitives by far outweigh the negative,” said Mario Herrero, co-author of the paper and a senior scientist at International Livestock Research Institute.

Text B
Livestock farmers in developing countries have a relatively small environmental footprint and their animals provide them with food, income and transport for their crops, said John Byron. “What  these farmers need are technological options and economic incentives that help them intensify their production in sustainable ways,” he added.

Steinfeld, coordinator of the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative at the  Food and Agriculture Organization, said: “If one were able to connect this to smallholder development by making poor farmers benefit through the possibility of carbon offsets and carbon markets that would indeed create a win-win  situation where one would have socioeconomic benefits, targeting poor people, while reducing the carbon „hoofprints‟ i.e the carbon footprint of livestock”.

Improving livestock production should be done  to improve livehoods and not just for climate reasons, said Kirtana Chandrasekaran, food campaigner for Friends of the Earth. She added that intensive agriculture also contributes to biodiversity loss so “it‟s very dangerous” just to  look at lowering emissions “when there‟s a whole host of other factor affecting improvement in livestock farming”.
45. The argument for livestock farming in the first text
differs significanly from that in the second text in
that the first text deals with …