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The first ancient DNA sequences to be gathered-34000 base pairs from a 2400-years-old
egyptian mummy-were a proof of principle. A full genome sequence would be more far more
informative-perhaps explaining what killed King Tut, for instance. At present, Inuk’s is the only
published ancient human genome. However, a team led by Svante Paabo and Green at the Max
Planck Institute for Evolutory Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany will soon publish the complete
genome sequence combined together from several Neanderthals, from between 38,000 and
70,000 years ago.

Neanderthals are not the only hominids whose genomes could be sequenced, says Willerslev.
Homo erectus, a species that emerged in Africa about 2 million years ago, survived in East Asia until
less than 100.000 years ago. If well preserved bones from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis,
the predecessor to Neanderthals. “We are basically starting on it right now,” he says. If theses
genomes ever materialize- and that’s a big if- they branched off. If the genetic information is good
enough, it may tell us something about the nature of past people-possibly even what they looked
like. Ancient human genomes could give us insights into the evoluation of our species, explaining
when genes involved in disease and higher cognitive skill emerged.

But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces. Eventually
they become small to reassemble, and all information is lost. “There seems to be a time horizon of
100.000 year so under most preservation conditions during which intact DNA survives,” Green says.
Stephan Schuster at Pennsylvania State University, who led wooly mammpeth genome project,
thinks ancient genomics is already plateauing. Large chunks of Inuk’s genome.
31. With reference to the whole text, the writer
mainly deals with topic on .…

The first ancient DNA sequences to be gathered-34000 base pairs from a 2400-years-old
egyptian mummy-were a proof of principle. A full genome sequence would be more far more
informative-perhaps explaining what killed King Tut, for instance. At present, Inuk’s is the only
published ancient human genome. However, a team led by Svante Paabo and Green at the Max
Planck Institute for Evolutory Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany will soon publish the complete
genome sequence combined together from several Neanderthals, from between 38,000 and
70,000 years ago.

Neanderthals are not the only hominids whose genomes could be sequenced, says Willerslev.
Homo erectus, a species that emerged in Africa about 2 million years ago, survived in East Asia until
less than 100.000 years ago. If well preserved bones from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis,
the predecessor to Neanderthals. “We are basically starting on it right now,” he says. If theses
genomes ever materialize- and that’s a big if- they branched off. If the genetic information is good
enough, it may tell us something about the nature of past people-possibly even what they looked
like. Ancient human genomes could give us insights into the evoluation of our species, explaining
when genes involved in disease and higher cognitive skill emerged.

But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces. Eventually
they become small to reassemble, and all information is lost. “There seems to be a time horizon of
100.000 year so under most preservation conditions during which intact DNA survives,” Green says.
Stephan Schuster at Pennsylvania State University, who led wooly mammpeth genome project,
thinks ancient genomics is already plateauing. Large chunks of Inuk’s genome.
32. The writer is mainly of the opinion that tracing, ancient humans’ life using their DNA .…

The first ancient DNA sequences to be gathered-34000 base pairs from a 2400-years-old
egyptian mummy-were a proof of principle. A full genome sequence would be more far more
informative-perhaps explaining what killed King Tut, for instance. At present, Inuk’s is the only
published ancient human genome. However, a team led by Svante Paabo and Green at the Max
Planck Institute for Evolutory Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany will soon publish the complete
genome sequence combined together from several Neanderthals, from between 38,000 and
70,000 years ago.

Neanderthals are not the only hominids whose genomes could be sequenced, says Willerslev.
Homo erectus, a species that emerged in Africa about 2 million years ago, survived in East Asia until
less than 100.000 years ago. If well preserved bones from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis,
the predecessor to Neanderthals. “We are basically starting on it right now,” he says. If theses
genomes ever materialize- and that’s a big if- they branched off. If the genetic information is good
enough, it may tell us something about the nature of past people-possibly even what they looked
like. Ancient human genomes could give us insights into the evoluation of our species, explaining
when genes involved in disease and higher cognitive skill emerged.

But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces. Eventually
they become small to reassemble, and all information is lost. “There seems to be a time horizon of
100.000 year so under most preservation conditions during which intact DNA survives,” Green says.
Stephan Schuster at Pennsylvania State University, who led wooly mammpeth genome project,
thinks ancient genomics is already plateauing. Large chunks of Inuk’s genome.
33. The physical look of hominid species can even be reconstructed using the DNA technology under the condition that .…

The first ancient DNA sequences to be gathered-34000 base pairs from a 2400-years-old
egyptian mummy-were a proof of principle. A full genome sequence would be more far more
informative-perhaps explaining what killed King Tut, for instance. At present, Inuk’s is the only
published ancient human genome. However, a team led by Svante Paabo and Green at the Max
Planck Institute for Evolutory Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany will soon publish the complete
genome sequence combined together from several Neanderthals, from between 38,000 and
70,000 years ago.

Neanderthals are not the only hominids whose genomes could be sequenced, says Willerslev.
Homo erectus, a species that emerged in Africa about 2 million years ago, survived in East Asia until
less than 100.000 years ago. If well preserved bones from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis,
the predecessor to Neanderthals. “We are basically starting on it right now,” he says. If theses
genomes ever materialize- and that’s a big if- they branched off. If the genetic information is good
enough, it may tell us something about the nature of past people-possibly even what they looked
like. Ancient human genomes could give us insights into the evoluation of our species, explaining
when genes involved in disease and higher cognitive skill emerged.

But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces. Eventually
they become small to reassemble, and all information is lost. “There seems to be a time horizon of
100.000 year so under most preservation conditions during which intact DNA survives,” Green says.
Stephan Schuster at Pennsylvania State University, who led wooly mammpeth genome project,
thinks ancient genomics is already plateauing. Large chunks of Inuk’s genome.
34. Based on the text, the following would be the kind of information that could be revealed about ancient people through modern genome analysis, except…

The first ancient DNA sequences to be gathered-34000 base pairs from a 2400-years-old
egyptian mummy-were a proof of principle. A full genome sequence would be more far more
informative-perhaps explaining what killed King Tut, for instance. At present, Inuk’s is the only
published ancient human genome. However, a team led by Svante Paabo and Green at the Max
Planck Institute for Evolutory Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany will soon publish the complete
genome sequence combined together from several Neanderthals, from between 38,000 and
70,000 years ago.

Neanderthals are not the only hominids whose genomes could be sequenced, says Willerslev.
Homo erectus, a species that emerged in Africa about 2 million years ago, survived in East Asia until
less than 100.000 years ago. If well preserved bones from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis,
the predecessor to Neanderthals. “We are basically starting on it right now,” he says. If theses
genomes ever materialize- and that’s a big if- they branched off. If the genetic information is good
enough, it may tell us something about the nature of past people-possibly even what they looked
like. Ancient human genomes could give us insights into the evoluation of our species, explaining
when genes involved in disease and higher cognitive skill emerged.

But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces. Eventually
they become small to reassemble, and all information is lost. “There seems to be a time horizon of
100.000 year so under most preservation conditions during which intact DNA survives,” Green says.
Stephan Schuster at Pennsylvania State University, who led wooly mammpeth genome project,
thinks ancient genomics is already plateauing. Large chunks of Inuk’s genome.
35. Based on the text, soon Darwin’s human evolution theory will be most likely empirically validated, if contemporary DNA analysis are supported by the following factors, except .…

John Apollos is losing weight the old-fashioned way- by eating less. A whole lot less. As a volunteer in the two year Comprehensive Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study at Tufts University in Boston, Apollos has lowered his daily calorie intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not surprisingly, has melted away; the 52-years-old physical trainer has lost more than 11 kg since the study began and down to his school weight.

Yet, that’s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three quarters of what they used to. The researchers running the multicenter CALERIE study are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the aging process and extend our life span. “I feel better and lighter and healthier,” says Apollos. “But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing,” The idea is counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet, decades of calories restriction studies involving organism ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that, extending the life spans of the semi starved as much as 50%. Last July a long-term study let by the researchers at the University of Winconsin nudged the implications of this a bit closer to our species, finding that calorie restriction seemed to extend the lives of human like rhesus monkey as well. The hungry primates fell victim to diabetes, heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well-fed counterparts did.

However, there may be more than just the absence of disease operating here. Anytime you go on diet, after all, you stand a good chance of lowering your blood pressure, cholesterol level and risk of diabetes and other health woes. All that can translate into extra years. With calorie restriction, usually defined as a diet with 25% to 30% fewer calories than normal but still containing essential nutrients, something else appears to be at work to extend longevity.
36. Which of the following ideas from the text above contains an opinion?

John Apollos is losing weight the old-fashioned way- by eating less. A whole lot less. As a volunteer in the two year Comprehensive Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study at Tufts University in Boston, Apollos has lowered his daily calorie intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not surprisingly, has melted away; the 52-years-old physical trainer has lost more than 11 kg since the study began and down to his school weight.

Yet, that’s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three quarters of what they used to. The researchers running the multicenter CALERIE study are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the aging process and extend our life span. “I feel better and lighter and healthier,” says Apollos. “But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing,” The idea is counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet, decades of calories restriction studies involving organism ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that, extending the life spans of the semi starved as much as 50%. Last July a long-term study let by the researchers at the University of Winconsin nudged the implications of this a bit closer to our species, finding that calorie restriction seemed to extend the lives of human like rhesus monkey as well. The hungry primates fell victim to diabetes, heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well-fed counterparts did.

However, there may be more than just the absence of disease operating here. Anytime you go on diet, after all, you stand a good chance of lowering your blood pressure, cholesterol level and risk of diabetes and other health woes. All that can translate into extra years. With calorie restriction, usually defined as a diet with 25% to 30% fewer calories than normal but still containing essential nutrients, something else appears to be at work to extend longevity.
37. The study aims at evaluating the impact of calorie restriction on .…

John Apollos is losing weight the old-fashioned way- by eating less. A whole lot less. As a volunteer in the two year Comprehensive Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study at Tufts University in Boston, Apollos has lowered his daily calorie intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not surprisingly, has melted away; the 52-years-old physical trainer has lost more than 11 kg since the study began and down to his school weight.

Yet, that’s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three quarters of what they used to. The researchers running the multicenter CALERIE study are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the aging process and extend our life span. “I feel better and lighter and healthier,” says Apollos. “But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing,” The idea is counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet, decades of calories restriction studies involving organism ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that, extending the life spans of the semi starved as much as 50%. Last July a long-term study let by the researchers at the University of Winconsin nudged the implications of this a bit closer to our species, finding that calorie restriction seemed to extend the lives of human like rhesus monkey as well. The hungry primates fell victim to diabetes, heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well-fed counterparts did.

However, there may be more than just the absence of disease operating here. Anytime you go on diet, after all, you stand a good chance of lowering your blood pressure, cholesterol level and risk of diabetes and other health woes. All that can translate into extra years. With calorie restriction, usually defined as a diet with 25% to 30% fewer calories than normal but still containing essential nutrients, something else appears to be at work to extend longevity.
38. If the information in the text is true, the risks that someone whose calorie consumption is controlled up to the portion suggested in the study suffers from bone cancer are .…

John Apollos is losing weight the old-fashioned way- by eating less. A whole lot less. As a volunteer in the two year Comprehensive Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study at Tufts University in Boston, Apollos has lowered his daily calorie intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not surprisingly, has melted away; the 52-years-old physical trainer has lost more than 11 kg since the study began and down to his school weight.

Yet, that’s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three quarters of what they used to. The researchers running the multicenter CALERIE study are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the aging process and extend our life span. “I feel better and lighter and healthier,” says Apollos. “But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing,” The idea is counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet, decades of calories restriction studies involving organism ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that, extending the life spans of the semi starved as much as 50%. Last July a long-term study let by the researchers at the University of Winconsin nudged the implications of this a bit closer to our species, finding that calorie restriction seemed to extend the lives of human like rhesus monkey as well. The hungry primates fell victim to diabetes, heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well-fed counterparts did.

However, there may be more than just the absence of disease operating here. Anytime you go on diet, after all, you stand a good chance of lowering your blood pressure, cholesterol level and risk of diabetes and other health woes. All that can translate into extra years. With calorie restriction, usually defined as a diet with 25% to 30% fewer calories than normal but still containing essential nutrients, something else appears to be at work to extend longevity.
39. The following is among other things the empirical impact of the study mentioned in the text, except .…

John Apollos is losing weight the old-fashioned way- by eating less. A whole lot less. As a volunteer in the two year Comprehensive Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study at Tufts University in Boston, Apollos has lowered his daily calorie intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not surprisingly, has melted away; the 52-years-old physical trainer has lost more than 11 kg since the study began and down to his school weight.

Yet, that’s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three quarters of what they used to. The researchers running the multicenter CALERIE study are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the aging process and extend our life span. “I feel better and lighter and healthier,” says Apollos. “But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing,” The idea is counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet, decades of calories restriction studies involving organism ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that, extending the life spans of the semi starved as much as 50%. Last July a long-term study let by the researchers at the University of Winconsin nudged the implications of this a bit closer to our species, finding that calorie restriction seemed to extend the lives of human like rhesus monkey as well. The hungry primates fell victim to diabetes, heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well-fed counterparts did.

However, there may be more than just the absence of disease operating here. Anytime you go on diet, after all, you stand a good chance of lowering your blood pressure, cholesterol level and risk of diabetes and other health woes. All that can translate into extra years. With calorie restriction, usually defined as a diet with 25% to 30% fewer calories than normal but still containing essential nutrients, something else appears to be at work to extend longevity.
40. As mentioned in the text, the study held at the multi center CALERIE, Tufts University in Boston has employed a research method that seems to be .…

Furtur research, conducted by Dean Mobbs, then at Stanford University in California, uncovered a second point of activity in brain’s limbic system associated with dopamine release and reward processing-which may explain the pleasure felt once you “get” a joke. Examining on particular part of the limbic system-the ventral striatum-was especially revealing, as its level of activity corresponded with the perceived funniness of a joke. “It’s the same region that is involved in many different types of reward, from drugs, to sex and our favourite music,” says Mobbs, now at the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge, UK. “Humour thus taps into basic reward systems that are important of our survival”.

Yet humor a far more multifaceted process than primeval pleasure like food. In addition the two core processes of getting the joke and feeling good about it, jokes also active regions of the frontal and cingulated cortex, which are linked with association information, learning and decision-making. The team also found presenting humans and, in a less developed form, great apes. Indeed, the fact that these regions are involved suggest that humour is an advanced ability which may have only evolved in early human, says Watson, who conducted the research.

No two brains are the same, however, and how these differences are reflected in our sense of humour is the subject of much research. Men and women, for example, seem to process jokes slightly differently. Although both sexes laugh at roughly the same number of jokes, women show greater activity in the left prefrontal cortex than men. “This suggest a greater degree of executive processing and language-based decoding,” says Mobbs. As result, women take significantly much longers than men to decide whether they find something funny, though that does not seem to spoil their enjoyment of the joke. Indeed, women show greater response in the limbic system than men, suggesting they feel a greater sense of reward.
41. Which of the following statements in the text above contains an opinion?

Furtur research, conducted by Dean Mobbs, then at Stanford University in California, uncovered a second point of activity in brain’s limbic system associated with dopamine release and reward processing-which may explain the pleasure felt once you “get” a joke. Examining on particular part of the limbic system-the ventral striatum-was especially revealing, as its level of activity corresponded with the perceived funniness of a joke. “It’s the same region that is involved in many different types of reward, from drugs, to sex and our favourite music,” says Mobbs, now at the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge, UK. “Humour thus taps into basic reward systems that are important of our survival”.

Yet humor a far more multifaceted process than primeval pleasure like food. In addition the two core processes of getting the joke and feeling good about it, jokes also active regions of the frontal and cingulated cortex, which are linked with association information, learning and decision-making. The team also found presenting humans and, in a less developed form, great apes. Indeed, the fact that these regions are involved suggest that humour is an advanced ability which may have only evolved in early human, says Watson, who conducted the research.

No two brains are the same, however, and how these differences are reflected in our sense of humour is the subject of much research. Men and women, for example, seem to process jokes slightly differently. Although both sexes laugh at roughly the same number of jokes, women show greater activity in the left prefrontal cortex than men. “This suggest a greater degree of executive processing and language-based decoding,” says Mobbs. As result, women take significantly much longers than men to decide whether they find something funny, though that does not seem to spoil their enjoyment of the joke. Indeed, women show greater response in the limbic system than men, suggesting they feel a greater sense of reward.
42. The part that comes before the text would most likely describe .…

Furtur research, conducted by Dean Mobbs, then at Stanford University in California, uncovered a second point of activity in brain’s limbic system associated with dopamine release and reward processing-which may explain the pleasure felt once you “get” a joke. Examining on particular part of the limbic system-the ventral striatum-was especially revealing, as its level of activity corresponded with the perceived funniness of a joke. “It’s the same region that is involved in many different types of reward, from drugs, to sex and our favourite music,” says Mobbs, now at the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge, UK. “Humour thus taps into basic reward systems that are important of our survival”.

Yet humor a far more multifaceted process than primeval pleasure like food. In addition the two core processes of getting the joke and feeling good about it, jokes also active regions of the frontal and cingulated cortex, which are linked with association information, learning and decision-making. The team also found presenting humans and, in a less developed form, great apes. Indeed, the fact that these regions are involved suggest that humour is an advanced ability which may have only evolved in early human, says Watson, who conducted the research.

No two brains are the same, however, and how these differences are reflected in our sense of humour is the subject of much research. Men and women, for example, seem to process jokes slightly differently. Although both sexes laugh at roughly the same number of jokes, women show greater activity in the left prefrontal cortex than men. “This suggest a greater degree of executive processing and language-based decoding,” says Mobbs. As result, women take significantly much longers than men to decide whether they find something funny, though that does not seem to spoil their enjoyment of the joke. Indeed, women show greater response in the limbic system than men, suggesting they feel a greater sense of reward.
43. The scientists see that the internal mechanism in a human’s brain related with enjoyment in having a good meals are .…

Furtur research, conducted by Dean Mobbs, then at Stanford University in California, uncovered a second point of activity in brain’s limbic system associated with dopamine release and reward processing-which may explain the pleasure felt once you “get” a joke. Examining on particular part of the limbic system-the ventral striatum-was especially revealing, as its level of activity corresponded with the perceived funniness of a joke. “It’s the same region that is involved in many different types of reward, from drugs, to sex and our favourite music,” says Mobbs, now at the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge, UK. “Humour thus taps into basic reward systems that are important of our survival”.

Yet humor a far more multifaceted process than primeval pleasure like food. In addition the two core processes of getting the joke and feeling good about it, jokes also active regions of the frontal and cingulated cortex, which are linked with association information, learning and decision-making. The team also found presenting humans and, in a less developed form, great apes. Indeed, the fact that these regions are involved suggest that humour is an advanced ability which may have only evolved in early human, says Watson, who conducted the research.

No two brains are the same, however, and how these differences are reflected in our sense of humour is the subject of much research. Men and women, for example, seem to process jokes slightly differently. Although both sexes laugh at roughly the same number of jokes, women show greater activity in the left prefrontal cortex than men. “This suggest a greater degree of executive processing and language-based decoding,” says Mobbs. As result, women take significantly much longers than men to decide whether they find something funny, though that does not seem to spoil their enjoyment of the joke. Indeed, women show greater response in the limbic system than men, suggesting they feel a greater sense of reward.
44. Humor is worth in these four facest, except .…