Mini TO UM UNDIP Bahasa Inggris 12

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000–4500 K (2727–4227 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (“proper motions”) of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s convective zone that get “wound up” by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

81. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000–4500 K (2727–4227 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (“proper motions”) of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s convective zone that get “wound up” by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

82. What is the closest meaning of the word “eddy” in line 3?

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000–4500 K (2727–4227 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (“proper motions”) of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s convective zone that get “wound up” by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

83. In what course is the passage most probably given?

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000–4500 K (2727–4227 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (“proper motions”) of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s convective zone that get “wound up” by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

84. The word “emerge” in line 13 is closest in meaning to …

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Like magnets, they also have two poles. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3000–4500 K (2727–4227 °C), the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of temperature to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 kilometers in diameter, making the larger ones visible from earth without the aid of a telescope. They may also travel at relative speeds (“proper motions”) of a few hundred m/s when they first emerge onto the solar photosphere. Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the sun’s convective zone that get “wound up” by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up like a rubber band and puncture the Sun’s surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun’s interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

85. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate – a process in which a seed embryo develops into a seedling – and is affected by a number of different conditions. Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced. Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die. Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example. “Dormancy” is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It is possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low. Environmental conditions effecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.

86. What is the main point of the passage?

Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate – a process in which a seed embryo develops into a seedling – and is affected by a number of different conditions. Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced. Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die. Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example. “Dormancy” is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It is possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low. Environmental conditions effecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.

87. Which of the following probably the subject of the following paragraph?

Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate – a process in which a seed embryo develops into a seedling – and is affected by a number of different conditions. Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced. Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die. Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example. “Dormancy” is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It is possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low. Environmental conditions effecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.

88. What course is the passage most probably given?

Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate – a process in which a seed embryo develops into a seedling – and is affected by a number of different conditions. Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced. Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die. Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example. “Dormancy” is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It is possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low. Environmental conditions effecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.

89. The word “dispersed” in line 6 could be replaced by …

Seed viability is the ability of the embryo to germinate – a process in which a seed embryo develops into a seedling – and is affected by a number of different conditions. Some plants do not produce seeds that have functional complete embryos or the seed may have no embryo at all, often called empty seeds. Predators and pathogens can damage or kill the seed while it is still in the fruit or after it is dispersed. Environmental conditions like flooding or heat can kill the seed before or during germination. The age of the seed affects its health and germination ability: since the seed has a living embryo, over time cells die and cannot be replaced. Some seeds can live for a long time before germination, while others can only survive for a short period after dispersal before they die. Germination percentages and rates are affected by seed viability, dormancy and environmental effects that impact on the seed and seedling. In agriculture and horticulture quality seeds have high viability, measured by germination percentage plus the rate of germination. This is given as a percent of germination over a certain amount of time, 90% germination in 20 days, for example. “Dormancy” is covered above; many plants produce seeds with varying degrees of dormancy, and different seeds from the same fruit can have different degrees of dormancy. It is possible to have seeds with no dormancy if they are dispersed right away and do not dry (if the seeds dry they go into physiological dormancy). There is great variation amongst plants and a dormant seed is still a viable seed even though the germination rate might be very low. Environmental conditions effecting seed germination include; water, oxygen, temperature and light.

90. The word “viable” in line 19 is closest in meaning to …

Sambalpuri sari fabrics reflect …(91)… original style of craft known as Baandha. …(92)…, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently, new types of Baandha …(93)… portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed. Baandha fabric is created using a tie-dye technique. The yarns …(94)… according to the …(95)… patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed. The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called ‘Baandha’. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both side of the fabric.

91. Choose the correct answer for blank (91).

Sambalpuri sari fabrics reflect …(91)… original style of craft known as Baandha. …(92)…, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently, new types of Baandha …(93)… portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed. Baandha fabric is created using a tie-dye technique. The yarns …(94)… according to the …(95)… patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed. The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called ‘Baandha’. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both side of the fabric.

92. Choose the correct answer for blank (92).

Sambalpuri sari fabrics reflect …(91)… original style of craft known as Baandha. …(92)…, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently, new types of Baandha …(93)… portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed. Baandha fabric is created using a tie-dye technique. The yarns …(94)… according to the …(95)… patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed. The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called ‘Baandha’. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both side of the fabric.

93. Choose the correct answer for blank (93).

Sambalpuri sari fabrics reflect …(91)… original style of craft known as Baandha. …(92)…, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently, new types of Baandha …(93)… portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed. Baandha fabric is created using a tie-dye technique. The yarns …(94)… according to the …(95)… patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed. The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called ‘Baandha’. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both side of the fabric.

94. Choose the correct answer for blank (94).

Sambalpuri sari fabrics reflect …(91)… original style of craft known as Baandha. …(92)…, craftsmen created Baandhas with images of flora or fauna or with geometrical patterns. More recently, new types of Baandha …(93)… portrait, landscape and flower pods are being designed. Baandha fabric is created using a tie-dye technique. The yarns …(94)… according to the …(95)… patterns to prevent absorption of dyes, and then dyed. The yarns or set of yarns so produced is called ‘Baandha’. The unique feature of this form of designing is that the designs are reflected almost identically on both side of the fabric.

95. Choose the correct answer for blank (95).