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_____________. So far we have been concerned primarily with positive economic theories. Such “scientific” theories take the real world as an object to be studied, attempting to explain those economic phenomena that are observed. Positive economics seeks to determine how resources are in fact allocated in an economy. A somewhat different use of economic theory is normative, taking a definite stance about what should be done. Under the heading of normative analysis, economists have a great deal to say about how resources should be allocated. For example, an economist engaged in positive analysis might investigate why and how the American health care industry uses the quantities of capital, labor, and land that are currently devoted to providing medical services. The economist might also choose to measure the costs and benefits of devoting even more resources to health care. But when economists advocate that more resources should be allocated to health, they have implicitly moved into normative analysis.
1. This paragraph should begin with _____

_____________. So far we have been concerned primarily with positive economic theories. Such “scientific” theories take the real world as an object to be studied, attempting to explain those economic phenomena that are observed. Positive economics seeks to determine how resources are in fact allocated in an economy. A somewhat different use of economic theory is normative, taking a definite stance about what should be done. Under the heading of normative analysis, economists have a great deal to say about how resources should be allocated. For example, an economist engaged in positive analysis might investigate why and how the American health care industry uses the quantities of capital, labor, and land that are currently devoted to providing medical services. The economist might also choose to measure the costs and benefits of devoting even more resources to health care. But when economists advocate that more resources should be allocated to health, they have implicitly moved into normative analysis.
2. From the passage, we can conclude that _____.

Refugees are obviously not a new phenomenon. It has been said that Adam and Eve share the dubious honor of being the first refugees. In biblical times the Hebrews, to escape from slavery under the pharaos, fled from Egypt in one of the first recorded collective migrations. Throughout history, wars, invasions, and religious and political persecutions have left a trail of refugees and a concomitant acceptance of the right in churches, mosques, and other holy places. The 17th century Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius, himself a refugee, declared that “permanent residence ought not to be denied to foreigners who, expelled from their homes, are seeking a refuge, provided that they submit themselves to the established government and observe any regulations which are necessary to avoid strifes.” However, until the 20th century, there were no international agreements covering the right of asylum. Only in a few instances appropriate national legislation was enacted.
3. The topic of this paragraph is ____.

Refugees are obviously not a new phenomenon. It has been said that Adam and Eve share the dubious honor of being the first refugees. In biblical times the Hebrews, to escape from slavery under the pharaos, fled from Egypt in one of the first recorded collective migrations. Throughout history, wars, invasions, and religious and political persecutions have left a trail of refugees and a concomitant acceptance of the right in churches, mosques, and other holy places. The 17th century Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius, himself a refugee, declared that “permanent residence ought not to be denied to foreigners who, expelled from their homes, are seeking a refuge, provided that they submit themselves to the established government and observe any regulations which are necessary to avoid strifes.” However, until the 20th century, there were no international agreements covering the right of asylum. Only in a few instances appropriate national legislation was enacted.
4. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses _____.

The real reasons why bombs were dropped on two heavily-populated cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are not altogether clear. A number of people in 1944 and early 1945 argued that the use of nuclear weapons would be unnecessary, since American Intelligence was aware that some of the most powerful and influential people in Japan had already realized that the war was lost, and wanted to negotiate a Japanese surrender. It was also argued that, since Japan has few natural resources, a blockade by the American navy would force it to surrender within a few weeks, and the use of nuclear weapons would thus prove unnecessary. If a demonstration of force was required to end the war, a bomb could be dropped over an unpopulated area like a desert, in front of Japanese observers, or over an area of low population inside Japan, such as a forest. Opting for this course of action might minimize the loss of further lives on all sides, while the power of nuclear weapons would still be adequately demonstrated.
6. The preceding paragraph discusses ________.

The real reasons why bombs were dropped on two heavily-populated cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are not altogether clear. A number of people in 1944 and early 1945 argued that the use of nuclear weapons would be unnecessary, since American Intelligence was aware that some of the most powerful and influential people in Japan had already realized that the war was lost, and wanted to negotiate a Japanese surrender. It was also argued that, since Japan has few natural resources, a blockade by the American navy would force it to surrender within a few weeks, and the use of nuclear weapons would thus prove unnecessary. If a demonstration of force was required to end the war, a bomb could be dropped over an unpopulated area like a desert, in front of Japanese observers, or over an area of low population inside Japan, such as a forest. Opting for this course of action might minimize the loss of further lives on all sides, while the power of nuclear weapons would still be adequately demonstrated.
5. The topic of the passage is ____.

__________. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory because of the development of gene splicing- the joining of genes. On the one hand, the ability to create life in the laboratory could greatly benefit humankind. One beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture. For example, researchers have engineered a more nutritious type of rice that could help alleviate the serious problem of vitamin A deficiency. It is estimated that 124 million children worldwide lack vitamin A, putting them at risk of permanent blindness and other health issues. However, not everyone is positive about gene-splicing technology. Some people feel that it could have terrible consequences. In fact a type of corn engineered to kill a certain insect pest also threatened to wipe out desirable monarch butterflies. In another accident, a genetically engineered type of corn that was approved only for animal consumption because it was toxic to humans accidentally cross pollinated with corn grown for humans. As a result many countries banned imports of genetically modified corn for several years.
7. Which of the following sentences should begin the paragraph?

__________. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory because of the development of gene splicing- the joining of genes. On the one hand, the ability to create life in the laboratory could greatly benefit humankind. One beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture. For example, researchers have engineered a more nutritious type of rice that could help alleviate the serious problem of vitamin A deficiency. It is estimated that 124 million children worldwide lack vitamin A, putting them at risk of permanent blindness and other health issues. However, not everyone is positive about gene-splicing technology. Some people feel that it could have terrible consequences. In fact a type of corn engineered to kill a certain insect pest also threatened to wipe out desirable monarch butterflies. In another accident, a genetically engineered type of corn that was approved only for animal consumption because it was toxic to humans accidentally cross pollinated with corn grown for humans. As a result many countries banned imports of genetically modified corn for several years.
8. This paragraph may be followed by a paragraph that discusses ____.

The modern mummification process differs from the technique followed by the Egyptians. Embalming dead bodies requires knowledge in different disciplines like pathology, chemistry, anatomy, microbiology and chemistry. A sound knowledge and expertise are needed in advanced fields of cosmetology and restorative art since the procedure demands both time and skills. The embalmer is supposed to follow the standard guidelines on the deceased. The body needs to be properly prepared prior to the embalming process and then the surgical techniques are applied. The process primarily aims at disinfecting the body and then preserving it. Sometimes, families prefer to restore the dead for a certain period in order to pacify their grief and then perform the funeral accordingly. The process of embalming involves preparation of the body, removal of organs, washing, disinfecting, dressing and then casketing. This mummification process requires a couple of days for successful completion. The West has partaken this body preservation method from the Egyptians. Although the techniques are improvised, the motive remains the same.
9. What is the topic of the paragraph?

The modern mummification process differs from the technique followed by the Egyptians. Embalming dead bodies requires knowledge in different disciplines like pathology, chemistry, anatomy, microbiology and chemistry. A sound knowledge and expertise are needed in advanced fields of cosmetology and restorative art since the procedure demands both time and skills. The embalmer is supposed to follow the standard guidelines on the deceased. The body needs to be properly prepared prior to the embalming process and then the surgical techniques are applied. The process primarily aims at disinfecting the body and then preserving it. Sometimes, families prefer to restore the dead for a certain period in order to pacify their grief and then perform the funeral accordingly. The process of embalming involves preparation of the body, removal of organs, washing, disinfecting, dressing and then casketing. This mummification process requires a couple of days for successful completion. The West has partaken this body preservation method from the Egyptians. Although the techniques are improvised, the motive remains the same.
10.What does the following paragraph most likely discuss