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There is no stopping rock and roll. Since its birth in the fifties, rock and roll has become the liveliest force in popular culture. It was born as a child of jazz, blues, and country music. More recently, it has been influenced by movies, television, sex, drugs, art, literature, and electronics. Since its birth, rock and roll has grouped and regrouped into an explosion of styles: folk rock, soul, motown, hard rock, jazz rock, country rock, heavy metal, punk rock, reggae, new wave, rap, and so on. Each type has its own style, themes, and stars. Two of the more successful styles are rap and reggae.

One of the newer styles of rock and roll is rap. Rap is a form of dance music in which singers – rappers – speak in rhythm and rhyme fasther than sing. Rap first appeared in the mid-seventies in the discos of New York City’s black neighbourhoods. Disco DJs teamed up with rappers to play songs for dancers at parties. At first, the role of the rapper was to keep the beat going with hand claps while the DJ changed record. Soon, rappers added lyrics, slogans, rhymes, and call and-response exchanges with the audience. Early rap songs were mainly about dancing, partying, and the romantic adventures of the rappers, but politics became an important theme in the late eighties and nineties. Although rap is primarily the music of young black males, the first white rappers appeared in 1980, and a woman rapper, Queen Latifah, began her career in 1989. M.C. Hammer’s 1990 album, Please Hammer Don’t Hurt ‘Em, has sold fifteen million copies, making it the best-selling rap album of the decade.

Another style of rock and roll is reggae, which was born on the Caribbean Island of Jamaica in the sixties and spread throughout the world in the seventies. It developed from a kind of Afro Caribbean music called mento, which was sung and played on guitars and drums. Some musicians changed mento into a music style called ska by adding a hesitation beat. A few years later, other musicians changed ska, and reggae was born. Reggae’s special sound comes from reversing the roles of the instruments: The guitar plays the rhythm and the bass plays the melody. An important influence on reggae music was the Rastafarian cult. The Rastafarians added unusual sound mixes, extra-slow tempos strange lyrics, and mysticalpolitical themes. The best known reggae musician in the United States is Bob Marley.

Rock and roll music is constantly changing. New styles are born, grow, change, and produce offshoots, which in turn grow, change, and produce offshoots. Some styles enjoy lasting popularity, but others disappear rather quickly. However, all contribute to the power and excitement of rock and roll music in our time.
51. Which of the following is TRUE about rap?

There is no stopping rock and roll. Since its birth in the fifties, rock and roll has become the liveliest force in popular culture. It was born as a child of jazz, blues, and country music. More recently, it has been influenced by movies, television, sex, drugs, art, literature, and electronics. Since its birth, rock and roll has grouped and regrouped into an explosion of styles: folk rock, soul, motown, hard rock, jazz rock, country rock, heavy metal, punk rock, reggae, new wave, rap, and so on. Each type has its own style, themes, and stars. Two of the more successful styles are rap and reggae.

One of the newer styles of rock and roll is rap. Rap is a form of dance music in which singers – rappers – speak in rhythm and rhyme fasther than sing. Rap first appeared in the mid-seventies in the discos of New York City’s black neighbourhoods. Disco DJs teamed up with rappers to play songs for dancers at parties. At first, the role of the rapper was to keep the beat going with hand claps while the DJ changed record. Soon, rappers added lyrics, slogans, rhymes, and call and-response exchanges with the audience. Early rap songs were mainly about dancing, partying, and the romantic adventures of the rappers, but politics became an important theme in the late eighties and nineties. Although rap is primarily the music of young black males, the first white rappers appeared in 1980, and a woman rapper, Queen Latifah, began her career in 1989. M.C. Hammer’s 1990 album, Please Hammer Don’t Hurt ‘Em, has sold fifteen million copies, making it the best-selling rap album of the decade.

Another style of rock and roll is reggae, which was born on the Caribbean Island of Jamaica in the sixties and spread throughout the world in the seventies. It developed from a kind of Afro Caribbean music called mento, which was sung and played on guitars and drums. Some musicians changed mento into a music style called ska by adding a hesitation beat. A few years later, other musicians changed ska, and reggae was born. Reggae’s special sound comes from reversing the roles of the instruments: The guitar plays the rhythm and the bass plays the melody. An important influence on reggae music was the Rastafarian cult. The Rastafarians added unusual sound mixes, extra-slow tempos strange lyrics, and mysticalpolitical themes. The best known reggae musician in the United States is Bob Marley.

Rock and roll music is constantly changing. New styles are born, grow, change, and produce offshoots, which in turn grow, change, and produce offshoots. Some styles enjoy lasting popularity, but others disappear rather quickly. However, all contribute to the power and excitement of rock and roll music in our time.
52. A suitable title for the text is

There is no stopping rock and roll. Since its birth in the fifties, rock and roll has become the liveliest force in popular culture. It was born as a child of jazz, blues, and country music. More recently, it has been influenced by movies, television, sex, drugs, art, literature, and electronics. Since its birth, rock and roll has grouped and regrouped into an explosion of styles: folk rock, soul, motown, hard rock, jazz rock, country rock, heavy metal, punk rock, reggae, new wave, rap, and so on. Each type has its own style, themes, and stars. Two of the more successful styles are rap and reggae.

One of the newer styles of rock and roll is rap. Rap is a form of dance music in which singers – rappers – speak in rhythm and rhyme fasther than sing. Rap first appeared in the mid-seventies in the discos of New York City’s black neighbourhoods. Disco DJs teamed up with rappers to play songs for dancers at parties. At first, the role of the rapper was to keep the beat going with hand claps while the DJ changed record. Soon, rappers added lyrics, slogans, rhymes, and call and-response exchanges with the audience. Early rap songs were mainly about dancing, partying, and the romantic adventures of the rappers, but politics became an important theme in the late eighties and nineties. Although rap is primarily the music of young black males, the first white rappers appeared in 1980, and a woman rapper, Queen Latifah, began her career in 1989. M.C. Hammer’s 1990 album, Please Hammer Don’t Hurt ‘Em, has sold fifteen million copies, making it the best-selling rap album of the decade.

Another style of rock and roll is reggae, which was born on the Caribbean Island of Jamaica in the sixties and spread throughout the world in the seventies. It developed from a kind of Afro Caribbean music called mento, which was sung and played on guitars and drums. Some musicians changed mento into a music style called ska by adding a hesitation beat. A few years later, other musicians changed ska, and reggae was born. Reggae’s special sound comes from reversing the roles of the instruments: The guitar plays the rhythm and the bass plays the melody. An important influence on reggae music was the Rastafarian cult. The Rastafarians added unusual sound mixes, extra-slow tempos strange lyrics, and mysticalpolitical themes. The best known reggae musician in the United States is Bob Marley.

Rock and roll music is constantly changing. New styles are born, grow, change, and produce offshoots, which in turn grow, change, and produce offshoots. Some styles enjoy lasting popularity, but others disappear rather quickly. However, all contribute to the power and excitement of rock and roll music in our time.
53. Rock and Roll music is mainly influenced by .…

There is no stopping rock and roll. Since its birth in the fifties, rock and roll has become the liveliest force in popular culture. It was born as a child of jazz, blues, and country music. More recently, it has been influenced by movies, television, sex, drugs, art, literature, and electronics. Since its birth, rock and roll has grouped and regrouped into an explosion of styles: folk rock, soul, motown, hard rock, jazz rock, country rock, heavy metal, punk rock, reggae, new wave, rap, and so on. Each type has its own style, themes, and stars. Two of the more successful styles are rap and reggae.

One of the newer styles of rock and roll is rap. Rap is a form of dance music in which singers – rappers – speak in rhythm and rhyme fasther than sing. Rap first appeared in the mid-seventies in the discos of New York City’s black neighbourhoods. Disco DJs teamed up with rappers to play songs for dancers at parties. At first, the role of the rapper was to keep the beat going with hand claps while the DJ changed record. Soon, rappers added lyrics, slogans, rhymes, and call and-response exchanges with the audience. Early rap songs were mainly about dancing, partying, and the romantic adventures of the rappers, but politics became an important theme in the late eighties and nineties. Although rap is primarily the music of young black males, the first white rappers appeared in 1980, and a woman rapper, Queen Latifah, began her career in 1989. M.C. Hammer’s 1990 album, Please Hammer Don’t Hurt ‘Em, has sold fifteen million copies, making it the best-selling rap album of the decade.

Another style of rock and roll is reggae, which was born on the Caribbean Island of Jamaica in the sixties and spread throughout the world in the seventies. It developed from a kind of Afro Caribbean music called mento, which was sung and played on guitars and drums. Some musicians changed mento into a music style called ska by adding a hesitation beat. A few years later, other musicians changed ska, and reggae was born. Reggae’s special sound comes from reversing the roles of the instruments: The guitar plays the rhythm and the bass plays the melody. An important influence on reggae music was the Rastafarian cult. The Rastafarians added unusual sound mixes, extra-slow tempos strange lyrics, and mysticalpolitical themes. The best known reggae musician in the United States is Bob Marley.

Rock and roll music is constantly changing. New styles are born, grow, change, and produce offshoots, which in turn grow, change, and produce offshoots. Some styles enjoy lasting popularity, but others disappear rather quickly. However, all contribute to the power and excitement of rock and roll music in our time.
54. Which of the following is not a characteristic
of reggae?

There is no stopping rock and roll. Since its birth in the fifties, rock and roll has become the liveliest force in popular culture. It was born as a child of jazz, blues, and country music. More recently, it has been influenced by movies, television, sex, drugs, art, literature, and electronics. Since its birth, rock and roll has grouped and regrouped into an explosion of styles: folk rock, soul, motown, hard rock, jazz rock, country rock, heavy metal, punk rock, reggae, new wave, rap, and so on. Each type has its own style, themes, and stars. Two of the more successful styles are rap and reggae.

One of the newer styles of rock and roll is rap. Rap is a form of dance music in which singers – rappers – speak in rhythm and rhyme fasther than sing. Rap first appeared in the mid-seventies in the discos of New York City’s black neighbourhoods. Disco DJs teamed up with rappers to play songs for dancers at parties. At first, the role of the rapper was to keep the beat going with hand claps while the DJ changed record. Soon, rappers added lyrics, slogans, rhymes, and call and-response exchanges with the audience. Early rap songs were mainly about dancing, partying, and the romantic adventures of the rappers, but politics became an important theme in the late eighties and nineties. Although rap is primarily the music of young black males, the first white rappers appeared in 1980, and a woman rapper, Queen Latifah, began her career in 1989. M.C. Hammer’s 1990 album, Please Hammer Don’t Hurt ‘Em, has sold fifteen million copies, making it the best-selling rap album of the decade.

Another style of rock and roll is reggae, which was born on the Caribbean Island of Jamaica in the sixties and spread throughout the world in the seventies. It developed from a kind of Afro Caribbean music called mento, which was sung and played on guitars and drums. Some musicians changed mento into a music style called ska by adding a hesitation beat. A few years later, other musicians changed ska, and reggae was born. Reggae’s special sound comes from reversing the roles of the instruments: The guitar plays the rhythm and the bass plays the melody. An important influence on reggae music was the Rastafarian cult. The Rastafarians added unusual sound mixes, extra-slow tempos strange lyrics, and mysticalpolitical themes. The best known reggae musician in the United States is Bob Marley.

Rock and roll music is constantly changing. New styles are born, grow, change, and produce offshoots, which in turn grow, change, and produce offshoots. Some styles enjoy lasting popularity, but others disappear rather quickly. However, all contribute to the power and excitement of rock and roll music in our time.
55. From the text we may conclude that rock and
roll music ….

Text II
Stress is an experience that puts pressure or a requirement on us. That pressure means we have to adjust to our new situation or environment. Stress can last for a short period, as when a driver has to act to avoid having an accident, or it can last longer, as when a woman is told she has a medical problem and thus must change her diet or daily routine in order to become well again. We all experience stress in different ways. Some people experience stress as just a nervous or busy feeling. Other people experience stress so strongly that it may cause them to seek professional help at a hospital. Still other people may die from experiencing so much stress that it leads to heart disease or other serious health-related problems. Sometimes these health-related problems are physical, and other times they, are psychological. Some people have a personality type that causes them to experience stress more than others. These people are often impatient, competitive, and aggressive and are always short on time.
56. With which of the following sentences should
the paragraph end?

Text II
Stress is an experience that puts pressure or a requirement on us. That pressure means we have to adjust to our new situation or environment. Stress can last for a short period, as when a driver has to act to avoid having an accident, or it can last longer, as when a woman is told she has a medical problem and thus must change her diet or daily routine in order to become well again. We all experience stress in different ways. Some people experience stress as just a nervous or busy feeling. Other people experience stress so strongly that it may cause them to seek professional help at a hospital. Still other people may die from experiencing so much stress that it leads to heart disease or other serious health-related problems. Sometimes these health-related problems are physical, and other times they, are psychological. Some people have a personality type that causes them to experience stress more than others. These people are often impatient, competitive, and aggressive and are always short on time.
57. The topic of the paragraph is …

Text III
(1) …………………………………………………………. ….. (2) Hackers tend to have a more thorough knowledge of systems and a more highly developed skill set, whereas virus writers generally take a shallower approach to what they are doing. (3) While both hackers and virus writers are initially attracted by the technical challenge, hacking is more about power and control. (4) When they are hacking and they got into a system, they remain involved with that system – they take it over and dominate it. (5) On the other hand, once a virus writer releases a program into the wild, the virus goes off and keeps on making copies of it independently of the author. (6) It is not as intimate or connected a relationship as between a hacker and the computer – the virus writer relinquishes control and becomes disassociated from the actual activity he or she has set in motion. (7) Social pressure is changing the impressions people have of hackers and virus writers.
58. The sentence which is irrelevant to the text is
sentence number

Text III
(1) …………………………………………………………. ….. (2) Hackers tend to have a more thorough knowledge of systems and a more highly developed skill set, whereas virus writers generally take a shallower approach to what they are doing. (3) While both hackers and virus writers are initially attracted by the technical challenge, hacking is more about power and control. (4) When they are hacking and they got into a system, they remain involved with that system – they take it over and dominate it. (5) On the other hand, once a virus writer releases a program into the wild, the virus goes off and keeps on making copies of it independently of the author. (6) It is not as intimate or connected a relationship as between a hacker and the computer – the virus writer relinquishes control and becomes disassociated from the actual activity he or she has set in motion. (7) Social pressure is changing the impressions people have of hackers and virus writers.
59. With which of the following sentences should
the paragraph begin?

Text IV
Coffee is as much part of the average adult’s morning routine as is brushing their teeth. Coffee really is a comfort “food,” but how good is it really for you? Some studies suggest that coffee is -(60)- a health food with its abundance of antioxidants, -(61)- other studies highlight the negative side-effects of caffeine on our bodies. If you’re deciding to -(62)- on your coffee habit or you’ve been advised by your doctor to cut out coffee all together, maybe you’ve tried to stop and -(63)- from painful headaches. This is because caffeine narrows blood vessels in the brain and -(64)- circulation, and when caffeine is suddenly missing from your diet, there is a sudden increase in circulation both to the brain and the -(65)- system. This may lead to severe headaches as well as constipation or bowel upset. So, -(66)- it is ideal for your body to be rid of this -(67)- substance as quickly as possible, it is best to take a gradual approach to cutting out coffee in order to achieve the most success pain-free.

60.

Text IV
Coffee is as much part of the average adult’s morning routine as is brushing their teeth. Coffee really is a comfort “food,” but how good is it really for you? Some studies suggest that coffee is -(60)- a health food with its abundance of antioxidants, -(61)- other studies highlight the negative side-effects of caffeine on our bodies. If you’re deciding to -(62)- on your coffee habit or you’ve been advised by your doctor to cut out coffee all together, maybe you’ve tried to stop and -(63)- from painful headaches. This is because caffeine narrows blood vessels in the brain and -(64)- circulation, and when caffeine is suddenly missing from your diet, there is a sudden increase in circulation both to the brain and the -(65)- system. This may lead to severe headaches as well as constipation or bowel upset. So, -(66)- it is ideal for your body to be rid of this -(67)- substance as quickly as possible, it is best to take a gradual approach to cutting out coffee in order to achieve the most success pain-free.

61.

Text IV
Coffee is as much part of the average adult’s morning routine as is brushing their teeth. Coffee really is a comfort “food,” but how good is it really for you? Some studies suggest that coffee is -(60)- a health food with its abundance of antioxidants, -(61)- other studies highlight the negative side-effects of caffeine on our bodies. If you’re deciding to -(62)- on your coffee habit or you’ve been advised by your doctor to cut out coffee all together, maybe you’ve tried to stop and -(63)- from painful headaches. This is because caffeine narrows blood vessels in the brain and -(64)- circulation, and when caffeine is suddenly missing from your diet, there is a sudden increase in circulation both to the brain and the -(65)- system. This may lead to severe headaches as well as constipation or bowel upset. So, -(66)- it is ideal for your body to be rid of this -(67)- substance as quickly as possible, it is best to take a gradual approach to cutting out coffee in order to achieve the most success pain-free.

60.

Text IV
Coffee is as much part of the average adult’s morning routine as is brushing their teeth. Coffee really is a comfort “food,” but how good is it really for you? Some studies suggest that coffee is -(60)- a health food with its abundance of antioxidants, -(61)- other studies highlight the negative side-effects of caffeine on our bodies. If you’re deciding to -(62)- on your coffee habit or you’ve been advised by your doctor to cut out coffee all together, maybe you’ve tried to stop and -(63)- from painful headaches. This is because caffeine narrows blood vessels in the brain and -(64)- circulation, and when caffeine is suddenly missing from your diet, there is a sudden increase in circulation both to the brain and the -(65)- system. This may lead to severe headaches as well as constipation or bowel upset. So, -(66)- it is ideal for your body to be rid of this -(67)- substance as quickly as possible, it is best to take a gradual approach to cutting out coffee in order to achieve the most success pain-free.

63.

Text IV
Coffee is as much part of the average adult’s morning routine as is brushing their teeth. Coffee really is a comfort “food,” but how good is it really for you? Some studies suggest that coffee is -(60)- a health food with its abundance of antioxidants, -(61)- other studies highlight the negative side-effects of caffeine on our bodies. If you’re deciding to -(62)- on your coffee habit or you’ve been advised by your doctor to cut out coffee all together, maybe you’ve tried to stop and -(63)- from painful headaches. This is because caffeine narrows blood vessels in the brain and -(64)- circulation, and when caffeine is suddenly missing from your diet, there is a sudden increase in circulation both to the brain and the -(65)- system. This may lead to severe headaches as well as constipation or bowel upset. So, -(66)- it is ideal for your body to be rid of this -(67)- substance as quickly as possible, it is best to take a gradual approach to cutting out coffee in order to achieve the most success pain-free.

64.

Text IV
Coffee is as much part of the average adult’s morning routine as is brushing their teeth. Coffee really is a comfort “food,” but how good is it really for you? Some studies suggest that coffee is -(60)- a health food with its abundance of antioxidants, -(61)- other studies highlight the negative side-effects of caffeine on our bodies. If you’re deciding to -(62)- on your coffee habit or you’ve been advised by your doctor to cut out coffee all together, maybe you’ve tried to stop and -(63)- from painful headaches. This is because caffeine narrows blood vessels in the brain and -(64)- circulation, and when caffeine is suddenly missing from your diet, there is a sudden increase in circulation both to the brain and the -(65)- system. This may lead to severe headaches as well as constipation or bowel upset. So, -(66)- it is ideal for your body to be rid of this -(67)- substance as quickly as possible, it is best to take a gradual approach to cutting out coffee in order to achieve the most success pain-free.

65.

Text IV
Coffee is as much part of the average adult’s morning routine as is brushing their teeth. Coffee really is a comfort “food,” but how good is it really for you? Some studies suggest that coffee is -(60)- a health food with its abundance of antioxidants, -(61)- other studies highlight the negative side-effects of caffeine on our bodies. If you’re deciding to -(62)- on your coffee habit or you’ve been advised by your doctor to cut out coffee all together, maybe you’ve tried to stop and -(63)- from painful headaches. This is because caffeine narrows blood vessels in the brain and -(64)- circulation, and when caffeine is suddenly missing from your diet, there is a sudden increase in circulation both to the brain and the -(65)- system. This may lead to severe headaches as well as constipation or bowel upset. So, -(66)- it is ideal for your body to be rid of this -(67)- substance as quickly as possible, it is best to take a gradual approach to cutting out coffee in order to achieve the most success pain-free.

66.

Text IV
Coffee is as much part of the average adult’s morning routine as is brushing their teeth. Coffee really is a comfort “food,” but how good is it really for you? Some studies suggest that coffee is -(60)- a health food with its abundance of antioxidants, -(61)- other studies highlight the negative side-effects of caffeine on our bodies. If you’re deciding to -(62)- on your coffee habit or you’ve been advised by your doctor to cut out coffee all together, maybe you’ve tried to stop and -(63)- from painful headaches. This is because caffeine narrows blood vessels in the brain and -(64)- circulation, and when caffeine is suddenly missing from your diet, there is a sudden increase in circulation both to the brain and the -(65)- system. This may lead to severe headaches as well as constipation or bowel upset. So, -(66)- it is ideal for your body to be rid of this -(67)- substance as quickly as possible, it is best to take a gradual approach to cutting out coffee in order to achieve the most success pain-free.

67.