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Milllennials are often maligned for their constant technology use and obsession with the social approval signaled by likes shares, and retweets. But organizations need to start recognizing the benefits of such behavior and harnessing it. This generational cohort will, by some estimates, account for nearly 75% of the workforce by 2025. And, according to a recent Delloite survey of 7800 people from 29 countries, only 28% of currently employed Milllennials feel their companies are fully using their skills. How can smart leaders better leverage their talents of these future leaders?

First, social sharing, euroscientists have shown that any kind of positive personal interaction lights up a part of the brain called the temporoparietal junction, which stimulates the production of oxytocin, “the feelgood hormone”. Milllennials, who gave grown up interacting online, are able to get that same high, more often, through technology, by posting, messaging, forwarding and favouriting multiple times a day. They crave that connection and are therefore natural team players.

Second, constant, complex data flow. Research tells us that multitasking is impossible, people can only do two things at once if one of those things is routine. Also, those who regularly use multiple forms of media are more prone to distraction tha those who do not. But, according to Nielson Neurofocus, EEG readings suggest that younger brains have higher multi-sensory processing capacity than older ones and are most stimulated – that it is more engaged with and more likely to pay attention to and remember – dynamic messages. Milllennials probably aren’t more effective multitaskers, in the strict sense of the world, but, in their current stage of brain development, they seem better able to tolerate and integrate multiple streams of information.

Angela Ahrendts, the former CEO of Burberry, recognized that she could turn these two hallmarks of Millennials behavior into an asset for the fashion brand. In 2006, she hired a large number of “digital natives”, as she called them, to do what they do best, socialize through technology. As she explains, they created an expansive digital platform, which transformed the company’s image and dramatically accelerated its growth. One highlight was “Tweet Walk”, which turned Burberry’s traditional runway show into a live web broadcast.

While Baby Boomers might see phones, tablets, and other devices as distractions, Milllennials use them to collaborate and innovate in real time. While Gen-Xers may view aggressive social sharing as an unhealthy mix of the personal and professional, Milllennials see it as an away to gather input and learn from others. Milllennials understand, embrace and are evolving with our exponentially expanding digital world. Instead of judging their behavior, we need to better leverage it. Adapted from http://hbr.org/
161. What is the main idea of the passage?

Milllennials are often maligned for their constant technology use and obsession with the social approval signaled by likes shares, and retweets. But organizations need to start recognizing the benefits of such behavior and harnessing it. This generational cohort will, by some estimates, account for nearly 75% of the workforce by 2025. And, according to a recent Delloite survey of 7800 people from 29 countries, only 28% of currently employed Milllennials feel their companies are fully using their skills. How can smart leaders better leverage their talents of these future leaders?

First, social sharing, euroscientists have shown that any kind of positive personal interaction lights up a part of the brain called the temporoparietal junction, which stimulates the production of oxytocin, “the feelgood hormone”. Milllennials, who gave grown up interacting online, are able to get that same high, more often, through technology, by posting, messaging, forwarding and favouriting multiple times a day. They crave that connection and are therefore natural team players.

Second, constant, complex data flow. Research tells us that multitasking is impossible, people can only do two things at once if one of those things is routine. Also, those who regularly use multiple forms of media are more prone to distraction tha those who do not. But, according to Nielson Neurofocus, EEG readings suggest that younger brains have higher multi-sensory processing capacity than older ones and are most stimulated – that it is more engaged with and more likely to pay attention to and remember – dynamic messages. Milllennials probably aren’t more effective multitaskers, in the strict sense of the world, but, in their current stage of brain development, they seem better able to tolerate and integrate multiple streams of information.

Angela Ahrendts, the former CEO of Burberry, recognized that she could turn these two hallmarks of Millennials behavior into an asset for the fashion brand. In 2006, she hired a large number of “digital natives”, as she called them, to do what they do best, socialize through technology. As she explains, they created an expansive digital platform, which transformed the company’s image and dramatically accelerated its growth. One highlight was “Tweet Walk”, which turned Burberry’s traditional runway show into a live web broadcast.

While Baby Boomers might see phones, tablets, and other devices as distractions, Milllennials use them to collaborate and innovate in real time. While Gen-Xers may view aggressive social sharing as an unhealthy mix of the personal and professional, Milllennials see it as an away to gather input and learn from others. Milllennials understand, embrace and are evolving with our exponentially expanding digital world. Instead of judging their behavior, we need to better leverage it. Adapted from http://hbr.org/
162. The word maligned is closest meaning to …

Milllennials are often maligned for their constant technology use and obsession with the social approval signaled by likes shares, and retweets. But organizations need to start recognizing the benefits of such behavior and harnessing it. This generational cohort will, by some estimates, account for nearly 75% of the workforce by 2025. And, according to a recent Delloite survey of 7800 people from 29 countries, only 28% of currently employed Milllennials feel their companies are fully using their skills. How can smart leaders better leverage their talents of these future leaders?

First, social sharing, euroscientists have shown that any kind of positive personal interaction lights up a part of the brain called the temporoparietal junction, which stimulates the production of oxytocin, “the feelgood hormone”. Milllennials, who gave grown up interacting online, are able to get that same high, more often, through technology, by posting, messaging, forwarding and favouriting multiple times a day. They crave that connection and are therefore natural team players.

Second, constant, complex data flow. Research tells us that multitasking is impossible, people can only do two things at once if one of those things is routine. Also, those who regularly use multiple forms of media are more prone to distraction tha those who do not. But, according to Nielson Neurofocus, EEG readings suggest that younger brains have higher multi-sensory processing capacity than older ones and are most stimulated – that it is more engaged with and more likely to pay attention to and remember – dynamic messages. Milllennials probably aren’t more effective multitaskers, in the strict sense of the world, but, in their current stage of brain development, they seem better able to tolerate and integrate multiple streams of information.

Angela Ahrendts, the former CEO of Burberry, recognized that she could turn these two hallmarks of Millennials behavior into an asset for the fashion brand. In 2006, she hired a large number of “digital natives”, as she called them, to do what they do best, socialize through technology. As she explains, they created an expansive digital platform, which transformed the company’s image and dramatically accelerated its growth. One highlight was “Tweet Walk”, which turned Burberry’s traditional runway show into a live web broadcast.

While Baby Boomers might see phones, tablets, and other devices as distractions, Milllennials use them to collaborate and innovate in real time. While Gen-Xers may view aggressive social sharing as an unhealthy mix of the personal and professional, Milllennials see it as an away to gather input and learn from others. Milllennials understand, embrace and are evolving with our exponentially expanding digital world. Instead of judging their behavior, we need to better leverage it. Adapted from http://hbr.org/
164. Which of the following is NOT the
characteristics of Millennials?

Milllennials are often maligned for their constant technology use and obsession with the social approval signaled by likes shares, and retweets. But organizations need to start recognizing the benefits of such behavior and harnessing it. This generational cohort will, by some estimates, account for nearly 75% of the workforce by 2025. And, according to a recent Delloite survey of 7800 people from 29 countries, only 28% of currently employed Milllennials feel their companies are fully using their skills. How can smart leaders better leverage their talents of these future leaders?

First, social sharing, euroscientists have shown that any kind of positive personal interaction lights up a part of the brain called the temporoparietal junction, which stimulates the production of oxytocin, “the feelgood hormone”. Milllennials, who gave grown up interacting online, are able to get that same high, more often, through technology, by posting, messaging, forwarding and favouriting multiple times a day. They crave that connection and are therefore natural team players.

Second, constant, complex data flow. Research tells us that multitasking is impossible, people can only do two things at once if one of those things is routine. Also, those who regularly use multiple forms of media are more prone to distraction tha those who do not. But, according to Nielson Neurofocus, EEG readings suggest that younger brains have higher multi-sensory processing capacity than older ones and are most stimulated – that it is more engaged with and more likely to pay attention to and remember – dynamic messages. Milllennials probably aren’t more effective multitaskers, in the strict sense of the world, but, in their current stage of brain development, they seem better able to tolerate and integrate multiple streams of information.

Angela Ahrendts, the former CEO of Burberry, recognized that she could turn these two hallmarks of Millennials behavior into an asset for the fashion brand. In 2006, she hired a large number of “digital natives”, as she called them, to do what they do best, socialize through technology. As she explains, they created an expansive digital platform, which transformed the company’s image and dramatically accelerated its growth. One highlight was “Tweet Walk”, which turned Burberry’s traditional runway show into a live web broadcast.

While Baby Boomers might see phones, tablets, and other devices as distractions, Milllennials use them to collaborate and innovate in real time. While Gen-Xers may view aggressive social sharing as an unhealthy mix of the personal and professional, Milllennials see it as an away to gather input and learn from others. Milllennials understand, embrace and are evolving with our exponentially expanding digital world. Instead of judging their behavior, we need to better leverage it. Adapted from http://hbr.org/
165. The word these refers to ….

Milllennials are often maligned for their constant technology use and obsession with the social approval signaled by likes shares, and retweets. But organizations need to start recognizing the benefits of such behavior and harnessing it. This generational cohort will, by some estimates, account for nearly 75% of the workforce by 2025. And, according to a recent Delloite survey of 7800 people from 29 countries, only 28% of currently employed Milllennials feel their companies are fully using their skills. How can smart leaders better leverage their talents of these future leaders?

First, social sharing, euroscientists have shown that any kind of positive personal interaction lights up a part of the brain called the temporoparietal junction, which stimulates the production of oxytocin, “the feelgood hormone”. Milllennials, who gave grown up interacting online, are able to get that same high, more often, through technology, by posting, messaging, forwarding and favouriting multiple times a day. They crave that connection and are therefore natural team players.

Second, constant, complex data flow. Research tells us that multitasking is impossible, people can only do two things at once if one of those things is routine. Also, those who regularly use multiple forms of media are more prone to distraction tha those who do not. But, according to Nielson Neurofocus, EEG readings suggest that younger brains have higher multi-sensory processing capacity than older ones and are most stimulated – that it is more engaged with and more likely to pay attention to and remember – dynamic messages. Milllennials probably aren’t more effective multitaskers, in the strict sense of the world, but, in their current stage of brain development, they seem better able to tolerate and integrate multiple streams of information.

Angela Ahrendts, the former CEO of Burberry, recognized that she could turn these two hallmarks of Millennials behavior into an asset for the fashion brand. In 2006, she hired a large number of “digital natives”, as she called them, to do what they do best, socialize through technology. As she explains, they created an expansive digital platform, which transformed the company’s image and dramatically accelerated its growth. One highlight was “Tweet Walk”, which turned Burberry’s traditional runway show into a live web broadcast.

While Baby Boomers might see phones, tablets, and other devices as distractions, Milllennials use them to collaborate and innovate in real time. While Gen-Xers may view aggressive social sharing as an unhealthy mix of the personal and professional, Milllennials see it as an away to gather input and learn from others. Milllennials understand, embrace and are evolving with our exponentially expanding digital world. Instead of judging their behavior, we need to better leverage it. Adapted from http://hbr.org/
166. The word hallmarks is closest meaning to
….

Milllennials are often maligned for their constant technology use and obsession with the social approval signaled by likes shares, and retweets. But organizations need to start recognizing the benefits of such behavior and harnessing it. This generational cohort will, by some estimates, account for nearly 75% of the workforce by 2025. And, according to a recent Delloite survey of 7800 people from 29 countries, only 28% of currently employed Milllennials feel their companies are fully using their skills. How can smart leaders better leverage their talents of these future leaders?

First, social sharing, euroscientists have shown that any kind of positive personal interaction lights up a part of the brain called the temporoparietal junction, which stimulates the production of oxytocin, “the feelgood hormone”. Milllennials, who gave grown up interacting online, are able to get that same high, more often, through technology, by posting, messaging, forwarding and favouriting multiple times a day. They crave that connection and are therefore natural team players.

Second, constant, complex data flow. Research tells us that multitasking is impossible, people can only do two things at once if one of those things is routine. Also, those who regularly use multiple forms of media are more prone to distraction tha those who do not. But, according to Nielson Neurofocus, EEG readings suggest that younger brains have higher multi-sensory processing capacity than older ones and are most stimulated – that it is more engaged with and more likely to pay attention to and remember – dynamic messages. Milllennials probably aren’t more effective multitaskers, in the strict sense of the world, but, in their current stage of brain development, they seem better able to tolerate and integrate multiple streams of information.

Angela Ahrendts, the former CEO of Burberry, recognized that she could turn these two hallmarks of Millennials behavior into an asset for the fashion brand. In 2006, she hired a large number of “digital natives”, as she called them, to do what they do best, socialize through technology. As she explains, they created an expansive digital platform, which transformed the company’s image and dramatically accelerated its growth. One highlight was “Tweet Walk”, which turned Burberry’s traditional runway show into a live web broadcast.

While Baby Boomers might see phones, tablets, and other devices as distractions, Milllennials use them to collaborate and innovate in real time. While Gen-Xers may view aggressive social sharing as an unhealthy mix of the personal and professional, Milllennials see it as an away to gather input and learn from others. Milllennials understand, embrace and are evolving with our exponentially expanding digital world. Instead of judging their behavior, we need to better leverage it. Adapted from http://hbr.org/
167. It can be inferred from the passage that the
Millennials …

Reading 2 for questions 168 – 174 Its squat body and firmsy-looking pectoral fins may not scream speed-demon, but the opah, or moonfish, is actually quite fast, and can run with the big boys like tuna and swordfish. That’s just one of many surprising revelations coming to light as more of these mysterious fish appear unexpectedly in scientific surveys along the southern California coast. This unexplained surge is enabling researchers to study and photograph the camera-shy creatures.

While documenting a fishing survey, photographer Ralph Pace caught the roughly 5 kilogram fish on camera off the southern California coast in November 2014. Researchers had accidentally caught the odd animal, and after it was released, Pave dove into the water to take some snapshots before it swam away. He had only a couple of minutes with the opah, but they were memorable. He recalled that it was big, probably bigger than a manhole cover. John Hyde, a fish-genetics researcher with NOAA Southwest Fisheries in La Jolia, California, mentioned that photos of them in the water free-swimming were pretty rare and Pave’s images were better than the rest he has seen.

Owyn Snodgrass, a fisheries biologist with NOAA Southwest Fisheries, mentioned that opah can be valuable commodities on the seafood market, however, there is no target fishery for them. That is partly because the deep-sea dwellers don’t congregate in large groups like other commercially valuable fish such as tuna. So, focusing solely on opah won’t make fishermen much money. Instead, moonfish are caught as by catch in commercial tuna and swordfish fisheries. Despite the relatively small size of the catch, they bring in a good chunk of change. The 2012 Hawaiian opah market was valued at around $3 million. They are very tasty fish. Opah are unusual in that different parts of their body look and taste different. The upper part of the fish looks like tuna and tastes like tuna and tastes like a cross between tuna and salmon, he says. But their pectoral muscles—the ones that power the fins on the side of the body—look and taste a bit like beef. Opah can be eaten raw, but they are also great on the barbeque or smoked.

Casson Trenor, who co-owns four San Francisco sushi restaurants, actually prefers a little sear on his opah. He does not offer the fish in his restaurants, though, since little is known about the sustainability of the fishery. The pectoral muscle aren’t just good eating—they also give researchers clues about the animal’s speed and way of life. Those muscle are about 17 percent of an opah’s body weight, which is a relatively large percentage. Despite that they look like, they can swim really fast when they want to, and they can swim long distances.
168. The main idea of the first paragraph is …

Reading 2 for questions 168 – 174 Its squat body and firmsy-looking pectoral fins may not scream speed-demon, but the opah, or moonfish, is actually quite fast, and can run with the big boys like tuna and swordfish. That’s just one of many surprising revelations coming to light as more of these mysterious fish appear unexpectedly in scientific surveys along the southern California coast. This unexplained surge is enabling researchers to study and photograph the camera-shy creatures.

While documenting a fishing survey, photographer Ralph Pace caught the roughly 5 kilogram fish on camera off the southern California coast in November 2014. Researchers had accidentally caught the odd animal, and after it was released, Pave dove into the water to take some snapshots before it swam away. He had only a couple of minutes with the opah, but they were memorable. He recalled that it was big, probably bigger than a manhole cover. John Hyde, a fish-genetics researcher with NOAA Southwest Fisheries in La Jolia, California, mentioned that photos of them in the water free-swimming were pretty rare and Pave’s images were better than the rest he has seen.

Owyn Snodgrass, a fisheries biologist with NOAA Southwest Fisheries, mentioned that opah can be valuable commodities on the seafood market, however, there is no target fishery for them. That is partly because the deep-sea dwellers don’t congregate in large groups like other commercially valuable fish such as tuna. So, focusing solely on opah won’t make fishermen much money. Instead, moonfish are caught as by catch in commercial tuna and swordfish fisheries. Despite the relatively small size of the catch, they bring in a good chunk of change. The 2012 Hawaiian opah market was valued at around $3 million. They are very tasty fish. Opah are unusual in that different parts of their body look and taste different. The upper part of the fish looks like tuna and tastes like tuna and tastes like a cross between tuna and salmon, he says. But their pectoral muscles—the ones that power the fins on the side of the body—look and taste a bit like beef. Opah can be eaten raw, but they are also great on the barbeque or smoked.

Casson Trenor, who co-owns four San Francisco sushi restaurants, actually prefers a little sear on his opah. He does not offer the fish in his restaurants, though, since little is known about the sustainability of the fishery. The pectoral muscle aren’t just good eating—they also give researchers clues about the animal’s speed and way of life. Those muscle are about 17 percent of an opah’s body weight, which is a relatively large percentage. Despite that they look like, they can swim really fast when they want to, and they can swim long distances.
169. Why opah does not make much money for
fishermen?

Reading 2 for questions 168 – 174 Its squat body and firmsy-looking pectoral fins may not scream speed-demon, but the opah, or moonfish, is actually quite fast, and can run with the big boys like tuna and swordfish. That’s just one of many surprising revelations coming to light as more of these mysterious fish appear unexpectedly in scientific surveys along the southern California coast. This unexplained surge is enabling researchers to study and photograph the camera-shy creatures.

While documenting a fishing survey, photographer Ralph Pace caught the roughly 5 kilogram fish on camera off the southern California coast in November 2014. Researchers had accidentally caught the odd animal, and after it was released, Pave dove into the water to take some snapshots before it swam away. He had only a couple of minutes with the opah, but they were memorable. He recalled that it was big, probably bigger than a manhole cover. John Hyde, a fish-genetics researcher with NOAA Southwest Fisheries in La Jolia, California, mentioned that photos of them in the water free-swimming were pretty rare and Pave’s images were better than the rest he has seen.

Owyn Snodgrass, a fisheries biologist with NOAA Southwest Fisheries, mentioned that opah can be valuable commodities on the seafood market, however, there is no target fishery for them. That is partly because the deep-sea dwellers don’t congregate in large groups like other commercially valuable fish such as tuna. So, focusing solely on opah won’t make fishermen much money. Instead, moonfish are caught as by catch in commercial tuna and swordfish fisheries. Despite the relatively small size of the catch, they bring in a good chunk of change. The 2012 Hawaiian opah market was valued at around $3 million. They are very tasty fish. Opah are unusual in that different parts of their body look and taste different. The upper part of the fish looks like tuna and tastes like tuna and tastes like a cross between tuna and salmon, he says. But their pectoral muscles—the ones that power the fins on the side of the body—look and taste a bit like beef. Opah can be eaten raw, but they are also great on the barbeque or smoked.

Casson Trenor, who co-owns four San Francisco sushi restaurants, actually prefers a little sear on his opah. He does not offer the fish in his restaurants, though, since little is known about the sustainability of the fishery. The pectoral muscle aren’t just good eating—they also give researchers clues about the animal’s speed and way of life. Those muscle are about 17 percent of an opah’s body weight, which is a relatively large percentage. Despite that they look like, they can swim really fast when they want to, and they can swim long distances.
170. What makes opah a fast swimmer?

Reading 2 for questions 168 – 174 Its squat body and firmsy-looking pectoral fins may not scream speed-demon, but the opah, or moonfish, is actually quite fast, and can run with the big boys like tuna and swordfish. That’s just one of many surprising revelations coming to light as more of these mysterious fish appear unexpectedly in scientific surveys along the southern California coast. This unexplained surge is enabling researchers to study and photograph the camera-shy creatures.

While documenting a fishing survey, photographer Ralph Pace caught the roughly 5 kilogram fish on camera off the southern California coast in November 2014. Researchers had accidentally caught the odd animal, and after it was released, Pave dove into the water to take some snapshots before it swam away. He had only a couple of minutes with the opah, but they were memorable. He recalled that it was big, probably bigger than a manhole cover. John Hyde, a fish-genetics researcher with NOAA Southwest Fisheries in La Jolia, California, mentioned that photos of them in the water free-swimming were pretty rare and Pave’s images were better than the rest he has seen.

Owyn Snodgrass, a fisheries biologist with NOAA Southwest Fisheries, mentioned that opah can be valuable commodities on the seafood market, however, there is no target fishery for them. That is partly because the deep-sea dwellers don’t congregate in large groups like other commercially valuable fish such as tuna. So, focusing solely on opah won’t make fishermen much money. Instead, moonfish are caught as by catch in commercial tuna and swordfish fisheries. Despite the relatively small size of the catch, they bring in a good chunk of change. The 2012 Hawaiian opah market was valued at around $3 million. They are very tasty fish. Opah are unusual in that different parts of their body look and taste different. The upper part of the fish looks like tuna and tastes like tuna and tastes like a cross between tuna and salmon, he says. But their pectoral muscles—the ones that power the fins on the side of the body—look and taste a bit like beef. Opah can be eaten raw, but they are also great on the barbeque or smoked.

Casson Trenor, who co-owns four San Francisco sushi restaurants, actually prefers a little sear on his opah. He does not offer the fish in his restaurants, though, since little is known about the sustainability of the fishery. The pectoral muscle aren’t just good eating—they also give researchers clues about the animal’s speed and way of life. Those muscle are about 17 percent of an opah’s body weight, which is a relatively large percentage. Despite that they look like, they can swim really fast when they want to, and they can swim long distances.
171. Which of the following is NOT the
description of opah?

Reading 2 for questions 168 – 174 Its squat body and firmsy-looking pectoral fins may not scream speed-demon, but the opah, or moonfish, is actually quite fast, and can run with the big boys like tuna and swordfish. That’s just one of many surprising revelations coming to light as more of these mysterious fish appear unexpectedly in scientific surveys along the southern California coast. This unexplained surge is enabling researchers to study and photograph the camera-shy creatures.

While documenting a fishing survey, photographer Ralph Pace caught the roughly 5 kilogram fish on camera off the southern California coast in November 2014. Researchers had accidentally caught the odd animal, and after it was released, Pave dove into the water to take some snapshots before it swam away. He had only a couple of minutes with the opah, but they were memorable. He recalled that it was big, probably bigger than a manhole cover. John Hyde, a fish-genetics researcher with NOAA Southwest Fisheries in La Jolia, California, mentioned that photos of them in the water free-swimming were pretty rare and Pave’s images were better than the rest he has seen.

Owyn Snodgrass, a fisheries biologist with NOAA Southwest Fisheries, mentioned that opah can be valuable commodities on the seafood market, however, there is no target fishery for them. That is partly because the deep-sea dwellers don’t congregate in large groups like other commercially valuable fish such as tuna. So, focusing solely on opah won’t make fishermen much money. Instead, moonfish are caught as by catch in commercial tuna and swordfish fisheries. Despite the relatively small size of the catch, they bring in a good chunk of change. The 2012 Hawaiian opah market was valued at around $3 million. They are very tasty fish. Opah are unusual in that different parts of their body look and taste different. The upper part of the fish looks like tuna and tastes like tuna and tastes like a cross between tuna and salmon, he says. But their pectoral muscles—the ones that power the fins on the side of the body—look and taste a bit like beef. Opah can be eaten raw, but they are also great on the barbeque or smoked.

Casson Trenor, who co-owns four San Francisco sushi restaurants, actually prefers a little sear on his opah. He does not offer the fish in his restaurants, though, since little is known about the sustainability of the fishery. The pectoral muscle aren’t just good eating—they also give researchers clues about the animal’s speed and way of life. Those muscle are about 17 percent of an opah’s body weight, which is a relatively large percentage. Despite that they look like, they can swim really fast when they want to, and they can swim long distances.
172. The word there refers to?

Reading 2 for questions 168 – 174 Its squat body and firmsy-looking pectoral fins may not scream speed-demon, but the opah, or moonfish, is actually quite fast, and can run with the big boys like tuna and swordfish. That’s just one of many surprising revelations coming to light as more of these mysterious fish appear unexpectedly in scientific surveys along the southern California coast. This unexplained surge is enabling researchers to study and photograph the camera-shy creatures.

While documenting a fishing survey, photographer Ralph Pace caught the roughly 5 kilogram fish on camera off the southern California coast in November 2014. Researchers had accidentally caught the odd animal, and after it was released, Pave dove into the water to take some snapshots before it swam away. He had only a couple of minutes with the opah, but they were memorable. He recalled that it was big, probably bigger than a manhole cover. John Hyde, a fish-genetics researcher with NOAA Southwest Fisheries in La Jolia, California, mentioned that photos of them in the water free-swimming were pretty rare and Pave’s images were better than the rest he has seen.

Owyn Snodgrass, a fisheries biologist with NOAA Southwest Fisheries, mentioned that opah can be valuable commodities on the seafood market, however, there is no target fishery for them. That is partly because the deep-sea dwellers don’t congregate in large groups like other commercially valuable fish such as tuna. So, focusing solely on opah won’t make fishermen much money. Instead, moonfish are caught as by catch in commercial tuna and swordfish fisheries. Despite the relatively small size of the catch, they bring in a good chunk of change. The 2012 Hawaiian opah market was valued at around $3 million. They are very tasty fish. Opah are unusual in that different parts of their body look and taste different. The upper part of the fish looks like tuna and tastes like tuna and tastes like a cross between tuna and salmon, he says. But their pectoral muscles—the ones that power the fins on the side of the body—look and taste a bit like beef. Opah can be eaten raw, but they are also great on the barbeque or smoked.

Casson Trenor, who co-owns four San Francisco sushi restaurants, actually prefers a little sear on his opah. He does not offer the fish in his restaurants, though, since little is known about the sustainability of the fishery. The pectoral muscle aren’t just good eating—they also give researchers clues about the animal’s speed and way of life. Those muscle are about 17 percent of an opah’s body weight, which is a relatively large percentage. Despite that they look like, they can swim really fast when they want to, and they can swim long distances.
173. The word congregate is closest in meanig
to ….

Reading 2 for questions 168 – 174 Its squat body and firmsy-looking pectoral fins may not scream speed-demon, but the opah, or moonfish, is actually quite fast, and can run with the big boys like tuna and swordfish. That’s just one of many surprising revelations coming to light as more of these mysterious fish appear unexpectedly in scientific surveys along the southern California coast. This unexplained surge is enabling researchers to study and photograph the camera-shy creatures.

While documenting a fishing survey, photographer Ralph Pace caught the roughly 5 kilogram fish on camera off the southern California coast in November 2014. Researchers had accidentally caught the odd animal, and after it was released, Pave dove into the water to take some snapshots before it swam away. He had only a couple of minutes with the opah, but they were memorable. He recalled that it was big, probably bigger than a manhole cover. John Hyde, a fish-genetics researcher with NOAA Southwest Fisheries in La Jolia, California, mentioned that photos of them in the water free-swimming were pretty rare and Pave’s images were better than the rest he has seen.

Owyn Snodgrass, a fisheries biologist with NOAA Southwest Fisheries, mentioned that opah can be valuable commodities on the seafood market, however, there is no target fishery for them. That is partly because the deep-sea dwellers don’t congregate in large groups like other commercially valuable fish such as tuna. So, focusing solely on opah won’t make fishermen much money. Instead, moonfish are caught as by catch in commercial tuna and swordfish fisheries. Despite the relatively small size of the catch, they bring in a good chunk of change. The 2012 Hawaiian opah market was valued at around $3 million. They are very tasty fish. Opah are unusual in that different parts of their body look and taste different. The upper part of the fish looks like tuna and tastes like tuna and tastes like a cross between tuna and salmon, he says. But their pectoral muscles—the ones that power the fins on the side of the body—look and taste a bit like beef. Opah can be eaten raw, but they are also great on the barbeque or smoked.

Casson Trenor, who co-owns four San Francisco sushi restaurants, actually prefers a little sear on his opah. He does not offer the fish in his restaurants, though, since little is known about the sustainability of the fishery. The pectoral muscle aren’t just good eating—they also give researchers clues about the animal’s speed and way of life. Those muscle are about 17 percent of an opah’s body weight, which is a relatively large percentage. Despite that they look like, they can swim really fast when they want to, and they can swim long distances.
174. It can be inferred from the passage that
opahs …

Reading 3 for questions 175 – 180
In 1937, Charles Bradley reported a positive effect of stimulant medication in children with various behavior disorders. Bradley was medical director of the Emma Pendleton Bradley Home, today called Bradley Hospital, in East Providence, Rhode Island, which was found by his great-uncle George Bradley to treat neurologically impaired children. Apart from children with definite neurological disorders or residual effects of encephalitis, there where children hospitalized with “emotional problems” and major difficulties in learning and behavior. Some of these children would possibly be diagnosed with ADHD today.

Bradley’s discovery of the improvement by stimulants of the behavior of children was based on a chance finding during his neurological examinations. Bradley performed pneumoencephalograms in order to examine structural brain abnormalities. This usually caused severe headaches, which were supposed to be the result of a significant loss of spinal fluid. Bradley attempted to treat the headaches by stimulating the choroid plexus with Benzedrine which was “the most potent stimulant available at the time”. However, Benzedrine had a negligible effect on the headaches, but caused a striking improvement in behavior and school performance in some of the children.

Bradley subsequently started a systematic trial in 30 children of his hospital and observed remarkable alterations in behavior. “The most spectacular change in behavior brought about by the use of Benzedrine was the remarkably improved school performance of approximately half the children”. The children “were more interested in their work and performed it more quickly and accurately”. In addition, some decrease in motor activity was usually noted in the children who also “became emotionally subdued without, however, losing interest in their surroundings”.

Bradley was surprised at this effect, “It appears paradoxical that a drug known to be a stimulant should produce subdued behavior in half of the children. It should be borne in mind, however, that portions of the higher levels of the central nervous system have inhibition as their function, and that stimulation of these portions might indeed produce the clinical picture of reduced activity through increased voluntary control”. He later identified children who were most likely to benefit from Benzedrine treatment as “characterized by short attention span, dyscalculia, mood liability, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and poor memory”. These feature are nowadays associated with ADHP. Bradley’s observations of stimulant effects in hyperactive children were revolutionary and are considered important discoveries in psychiatric treatment.
175. What is the main idea of the text?

Reading 3 for questions 175 – 180
In 1937, Charles Bradley reported a positive effect of stimulant medication in children with various behavior disorders. Bradley was medical director of the Emma Pendleton Bradley Home, today called Bradley Hospital, in East Providence, Rhode Island, which was found by his great-uncle George Bradley to treat neurologically impaired children. Apart from children with definite neurological disorders or residual effects of encephalitis, there where children hospitalized with “emotional problems” and major difficulties in learning and behavior. Some of these children would possibly be diagnosed with ADHD today.

Bradley’s discovery of the improvement by stimulants of the behavior of children was based on a chance finding during his neurological examinations. Bradley performed pneumoencephalograms in order to examine structural brain abnormalities. This usually caused severe headaches, which were supposed to be the result of a significant loss of spinal fluid. Bradley attempted to treat the headaches by stimulating the choroid plexus with Benzedrine which was “the most potent stimulant available at the time”. However, Benzedrine had a negligible effect on the headaches, but caused a striking improvement in behavior and school performance in some of the children.

Bradley subsequently started a systematic trial in 30 children of his hospital and observed remarkable alterations in behavior. “The most spectacular change in behavior brought about by the use of Benzedrine was the remarkably improved school performance of approximately half the children”. The children “were more interested in their work and performed it more quickly and accurately”. In addition, some decrease in motor activity was usually noted in the children who also “became emotionally subdued without, however, losing interest in their surroundings”.

Bradley was surprised at this effect, “It appears paradoxical that a drug known to be a stimulant should produce subdued behavior in half of the children. It should be borne in mind, however, that portions of the higher levels of the central nervous system have inhibition as their function, and that stimulation of these portions might indeed produce the clinical picture of reduced activity through increased voluntary control”. He later identified children who were most likely to benefit from Benzedrine treatment as “characterized by short attention span, dyscalculia, mood liability, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and poor memory”. These feature are nowadays associated with ADHP. Bradley’s observations of stimulant effects in hyperactive children were revolutionary and are considered important discoveries in psychiatric treatment.
176. Children, who are diagnosed with ADHD
today, were having …

Reading 3 for questions 175 – 180
In 1937, Charles Bradley reported a positive effect of stimulant medication in children with various behavior disorders. Bradley was medical director of the Emma Pendleton Bradley Home, today called Bradley Hospital, in East Providence, Rhode Island, which was found by his great-uncle George Bradley to treat neurologically impaired children. Apart from children with definite neurological disorders or residual effects of encephalitis, there where children hospitalized with “emotional problems” and major difficulties in learning and behavior. Some of these children would possibly be diagnosed with ADHD today.

Bradley’s discovery of the improvement by stimulants of the behavior of children was based on a chance finding during his neurological examinations. Bradley performed pneumoencephalograms in order to examine structural brain abnormalities. This usually caused severe headaches, which were supposed to be the result of a significant loss of spinal fluid. Bradley attempted to treat the headaches by stimulating the choroid plexus with Benzedrine which was “the most potent stimulant available at the time”. However, Benzedrine had a negligible effect on the headaches, but caused a striking improvement in behavior and school performance in some of the children.

Bradley subsequently started a systematic trial in 30 children of his hospital and observed remarkable alterations in behavior. “The most spectacular change in behavior brought about by the use of Benzedrine was the remarkably improved school performance of approximately half the children”. The children “were more interested in their work and performed it more quickly and accurately”. In addition, some decrease in motor activity was usually noted in the children who also “became emotionally subdued without, however, losing interest in their surroundings”.

Bradley was surprised at this effect, “It appears paradoxical that a drug known to be a stimulant should produce subdued behavior in half of the children. It should be borne in mind, however, that portions of the higher levels of the central nervous system have inhibition as their function, and that stimulation of these portions might indeed produce the clinical picture of reduced activity through increased voluntary control”. He later identified children who were most likely to benefit from Benzedrine treatment as “characterized by short attention span, dyscalculia, mood liability, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and poor memory”. These feature are nowadays associated with ADHP. Bradley’s observations of stimulant effects in hyperactive children were revolutionary and are considered important discoveries in psychiatric treatment.
177. The change of behavior brought about by
the use of Benzedrine was …

Reading 3 for questions 175 – 180
In 1937, Charles Bradley reported a positive effect of stimulant medication in children with various behavior disorders. Bradley was medical director of the Emma Pendleton Bradley Home, today called Bradley Hospital, in East Providence, Rhode Island, which was found by his great-uncle George Bradley to treat neurologically impaired children. Apart from children with definite neurological disorders or residual effects of encephalitis, there where children hospitalized with “emotional problems” and major difficulties in learning and behavior. Some of these children would possibly be diagnosed with ADHD today.

Bradley’s discovery of the improvement by stimulants of the behavior of children was based on a chance finding during his neurological examinations. Bradley performed pneumoencephalograms in order to examine structural brain abnormalities. This usually caused severe headaches, which were supposed to be the result of a significant loss of spinal fluid. Bradley attempted to treat the headaches by stimulating the choroid plexus with Benzedrine which was “the most potent stimulant available at the time”. However, Benzedrine had a negligible effect on the headaches, but caused a striking improvement in behavior and school performance in some of the children.

Bradley subsequently started a systematic trial in 30 children of his hospital and observed remarkable alterations in behavior. “The most spectacular change in behavior brought about by the use of Benzedrine was the remarkably improved school performance of approximately half the children”. The children “were more interested in their work and performed it more quickly and accurately”. In addition, some decrease in motor activity was usually noted in the children who also “became emotionally subdued without, however, losing interest in their surroundings”.

Bradley was surprised at this effect, “It appears paradoxical that a drug known to be a stimulant should produce subdued behavior in half of the children. It should be borne in mind, however, that portions of the higher levels of the central nervous system have inhibition as their function, and that stimulation of these portions might indeed produce the clinical picture of reduced activity through increased voluntary control”. He later identified children who were most likely to benefit from Benzedrine treatment as “characterized by short attention span, dyscalculia, mood liability, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and poor memory”. These feature are nowadays associated with ADHP. Bradley’s observations of stimulant effects in hyperactive children were revolutionary and are considered important discoveries in psychiatric treatment.
178. The word alterations in line 17 is closest
meaning to …

Reading 3 for questions 175 – 180
In 1937, Charles Bradley reported a positive effect of stimulant medication in children with various behavior disorders. Bradley was medical director of the Emma Pendleton Bradley Home, today called Bradley Hospital, in East Providence, Rhode Island, which was found by his great-uncle George Bradley to treat neurologically impaired children. Apart from children with definite neurological disorders or residual effects of encephalitis, there where children hospitalized with “emotional problems” and major difficulties in learning and behavior. Some of these children would possibly be diagnosed with ADHD today.

Bradley’s discovery of the improvement by stimulants of the behavior of children was based on a chance finding during his neurological examinations. Bradley performed pneumoencephalograms in order to examine structural brain abnormalities. This usually caused severe headaches, which were supposed to be the result of a significant loss of spinal fluid. Bradley attempted to treat the headaches by stimulating the choroid plexus with Benzedrine which was “the most potent stimulant available at the time”. However, Benzedrine had a negligible effect on the headaches, but caused a striking improvement in behavior and school performance in some of the children.

Bradley subsequently started a systematic trial in 30 children of his hospital and observed remarkable alterations in behavior. “The most spectacular change in behavior brought about by the use of Benzedrine was the remarkably improved school performance of approximately half the children”. The children “were more interested in their work and performed it more quickly and accurately”. In addition, some decrease in motor activity was usually noted in the children who also “became emotionally subdued without, however, losing interest in their surroundings”.

Bradley was surprised at this effect, “It appears paradoxical that a drug known to be a stimulant should produce subdued behavior in half of the children. It should be borne in mind, however, that portions of the higher levels of the central nervous system have inhibition as their function, and that stimulation of these portions might indeed produce the clinical picture of reduced activity through increased voluntary control”. He later identified children who were most likely to benefit from Benzedrine treatment as “characterized by short attention span, dyscalculia, mood liability, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and poor memory”. These feature are nowadays associated with ADHP. Bradley’s observations of stimulant effects in hyperactive children were revolutionary and are considered important discoveries in psychiatric treatment.
179. Which of the following is NOT the
description that nowadays associated with
ADHD?

Reading 3 for questions 175 – 180
In 1937, Charles Bradley reported a positive effect of stimulant medication in children with various behavior disorders. Bradley was medical director of the Emma Pendleton Bradley Home, today called Bradley Hospital, in East Providence, Rhode Island, which was found by his great-uncle George Bradley to treat neurologically impaired children. Apart from children with definite neurological disorders or residual effects of encephalitis, there where children hospitalized with “emotional problems” and major difficulties in learning and behavior. Some of these children would possibly be diagnosed with ADHD today.

Bradley’s discovery of the improvement by stimulants of the behavior of children was based on a chance finding during his neurological examinations. Bradley performed pneumoencephalograms in order to examine structural brain abnormalities. This usually caused severe headaches, which were supposed to be the result of a significant loss of spinal fluid. Bradley attempted to treat the headaches by stimulating the choroid plexus with Benzedrine which was “the most potent stimulant available at the time”. However, Benzedrine had a negligible effect on the headaches, but caused a striking improvement in behavior and school performance in some of the children.

Bradley subsequently started a systematic trial in 30 children of his hospital and observed remarkable alterations in behavior. “The most spectacular change in behavior brought about by the use of Benzedrine was the remarkably improved school performance of approximately half the children”. The children “were more interested in their work and performed it more quickly and accurately”. In addition, some decrease in motor activity was usually noted in the children who also “became emotionally subdued without, however, losing interest in their surroundings”.

Bradley was surprised at this effect, “It appears paradoxical that a drug known to be a stimulant should produce subdued behavior in half of the children. It should be borne in mind, however, that portions of the higher levels of the central nervous system have inhibition as their function, and that stimulation of these portions might indeed produce the clinical picture of reduced activity through increased voluntary control”. He later identified children who were most likely to benefit from Benzedrine treatment as “characterized by short attention span, dyscalculia, mood liability, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and poor memory”. These feature are nowadays associated with ADHP. Bradley’s observations of stimulant effects in hyperactive children were revolutionary and are considered important discoveries in psychiatric treatment.
180. The word this in line 10 refers to …