Mini TO UTUL UGM 18 Bahasa Inggris [Soal Asli]

60. Vinegar is the product of a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ______ into ethanol anaerobically, while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically by bacteria of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter. This (52) ______ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of vinegar (53) ______ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54) ______ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ______ vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage: (56) ______, malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.

In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic substrate, (57) ______ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ______, they stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) ______ the flavor of the intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ______ ethanol. In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort is not boiled, so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the fermentation.

Choose the correct answer for blank (60).

59. Vinegar is the product of a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ______ into ethanol anaerobically, while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically by bacteria of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter. This (52) ______ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of vinegar (53) ______ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54) ______ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ______ vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage: (56) ______, malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.

In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic substrate, (57) ______ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ______, they stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) ______ the flavor of the intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ______ ethanol. In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort is not boiled, so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the fermentation.

Choose the correct answer for blank (59).

58. Vinegar is the product of a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ______ into ethanol anaerobically, while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically by bacteria of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter. This (52) ______ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of vinegar (53) ______ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54) ______ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ______ vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage: (56) ______, malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.

In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic substrate, (57) ______ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ______, they stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) ______ the flavor of the intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ______ ethanol. In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort is not boiled, so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the fermentation.

Choose the correct answer for blank (58).

57. Vinegar is the product of a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ______ into ethanol anaerobically, while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically by bacteria of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter. This (52) ______ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of vinegar (53) ______ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54) ______ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ______ vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage: (56) ______, malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.

In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic substrate, (57) ______ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ______, they stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) ______ the flavor of the intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ______ ethanol. In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort is not boiled, so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the fermentation.

Choose the correct answer for blank (57).

56. Vinegar is the product of a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ______ into ethanol anaerobically, while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically by bacteria of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter. This (52) ______ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of vinegar (53) ______ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54) ______ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ______ vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage: (56) ______, malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.

In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic substrate, (57) ______ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ______, they stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) ______ the flavor of the intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ______ ethanol. In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort is not boiled, so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the fermentation.

Choose the correct answer for blank (56).

55. Vinegar is the product of a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ______ into ethanol anaerobically, while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically by bacteria of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter. This (52) ______ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of vinegar (53) ______ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54) ______ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ______ vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage: (56) ______, malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.

In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic substrate, (57) ______ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ______, they stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) ______ the flavor of the intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ______ ethanol. In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort is not boiled, so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the fermentation.

Choose the correct answer for blank (55).

54. Vinegar is the product of a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ______ into ethanol anaerobically, while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically by bacteria of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter. This (52) ______ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of vinegar (53) ______ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54) ______ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ______ vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage: (56) ______, malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.

In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic substrate, (57) ______ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ______, they stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) ______ the flavor of the intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ______ ethanol. In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort is not boiled, so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the fermentation.

Choose the correct answer for blank (54).

53. Vinegar is the product of a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ______ into ethanol anaerobically, while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically by bacteria of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter. This (52) ______ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of vinegar (53) ______ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54) ______ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ______ vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage: (56) ______, malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.

In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic substrate, (57) ______ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ______, they stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) ______ the flavor of the intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ______ ethanol. In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort is not boiled, so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the fermentation.

Choose the correct answer for blank (53).

52. Vinegar is the product of a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ______ into ethanol anaerobically, while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically by bacteria of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter. This (52) ______ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of vinegar (53) ______ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54) ______ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ______ vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage: (56) ______, malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.

In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic substrate, (57) ______ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ______, they stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) ______ the flavor of the intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ______ ethanol. In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort is not boiled, so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the fermentation.

Choose the correct answer for blank (52).

51. Vinegar is the product of a two-stage fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ______ into ethanol anaerobically, while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically by bacteria of the genera Acetobacter and Gluconobacter. This (52) ______ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of vinegar (53) ______ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54) ______ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ______ vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage: (56) ______, malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.

In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic substrate, (57) ______ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ______, they stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) ______ the flavor of the intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ______ ethanol. In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort is not boiled, so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the fermentation.

Choose the correct answer for blank (51).

50. It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem microbiome—population of micro organisms that move in after death—can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors—sex, ethnicity, or even type of death—the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.

Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.

According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health—of the living—including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the medical community.

For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem microbiome may have public health surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.

According to the study’s lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living populations.

What can be inferred from the text?

49. It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem microbiome—population of micro organisms that move in after death—can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors—sex, ethnicity, or even type of death—the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.

Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.

According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health—of the living—including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the medical community.

For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem microbiome may have public health surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.

According to the study’s lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living populations.

Which of the following term is defined in the text?

48. It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem microbiome—population of micro organisms that move in after death—can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors—sex, ethnicity, or even type of death—the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.

Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.

According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health—of the living—including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the medical community.

For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem microbiome may have public health surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.

According to the study’s lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living populations.

The word “revealed” in line 23 is closest in meaning to

47. It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem microbiome—population of micro organisms that move in after death—can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors—sex, ethnicity, or even type of death—the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.

Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.

According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health—of the living—including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the medical community.

For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem microbiome may have public health surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.

According to the study’s lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living populations.

Why does the author compare microbial population to a changing town population?

46. It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem microbiome—population of micro organisms that move in after death—can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors—sex, ethnicity, or even type of death—the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.

Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.

According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health—of the living—including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the medical community.

For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem microbiome may have public health surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.

According to the study’s lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living populations.

The text states all of the following EXCEPT

45. It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem microbiome—population of micro organisms that move in after death—can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors—sex, ethnicity, or even type of death—the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.

Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.

According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health—of the living—including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the medical community.

For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem microbiome may have public health surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.

According to the study’s lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living populations.

It is implied in paragraph two that

44. It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem microbiome—population of micro organisms that move in after death—can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors—sex, ethnicity, or even type of death—the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.

Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.

According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health—of the living—including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the medical community.

For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem microbiome may have public health surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.

According to the study’s lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living populations.

The word “critical” in line 10 could best be replaced by which of the following?

43. It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem microbiome—population of micro organisms that move in after death—can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors—sex, ethnicity, or even type of death—the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.

Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.

According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health—of the living—including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the medical community.

For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem microbiome may have public health surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.

According to the study’s lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living populations.

What does the word “they” in line 9 refer to?

42. It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem microbiome—population of micro organisms that move in after death—can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors—sex, ethnicity, or even type of death—the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.

Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.

According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health—of the living—including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the medical community.

For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem microbiome may have public health surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.

According to the study’s lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living populations.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

41. It has been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU) shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study, published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that postmortem microbiome—population of micro organisms that move in after death—can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors—sex, ethnicity, or even type of death—the microbiome is consistent and distinct, depending on the number of days after death.

Based on the growing number of partnerships between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first 48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the time of death.

According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it completely turns over again a few days later.

MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen. The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health—of the living—including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the medical community.

For the first time, Michigan State University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem microbiome may have public health surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.

According to the study’s lead author Jennifer Pechal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living populations.

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