Mini TO UM UNDIP Bahasa Inggris 11

Passage 1:
The most significant of the revolutions in the world was the French Revolution. It overthrew (1789-99) the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and gave expression to the liberal and democratic aspiration overshadowed by the Enlightenment. It led to many permanent legal and administrative reforms, modernized the government of France, and greatly stimulated the development of nationalism in Europe. It gave rise to lasting social and ideological divisions – monarchist versus republicans, Right versus Left, clerical versus anticlerical, economic laisser faire versus state intervention – which have since played a major part in France and European politics. The doctrines of socialism and communism were anticipated to some extent in the program of the most radical revolutionary groups, and the seed of racism appear in the ideas and attitudes of the counter-revolutions.
Among the social and economic causes of the revolution, two were of the major importance; the hunger of the peasantry for land free of feudal encumbrance, and the desire of the urban middle classes for legal and civic equality and an end to aristocratic privilege. Popular discontent reached a high pitch in the spring of 1789 because of extensive unemployment, crop failures, food shortages, and attempts by landlords to increase their manorial dues and rents in order to keep pace with rapidly rising prices. The royal family, especially the frivolous and tactless Austrian-born Queen, Marie Antoinette, was unpopular. The government was on the verge of bankruptcy as a result of extravaganza and mismanagement of the public finance. To secure new revenues and eliminate the tax exemptions enjoyed by the clergy and nobility, a meeting of the Estates General—the first since 1614—was called, and representatives of the three estates (clergy, nobles, and commoners) assembled at Versailles early in May 1789.

81. What is the main idea of this passage?

Passage 1:
The most significant of the revolutions in the world was the French Revolution. It overthrew (1789-99) the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and gave expression to the liberal and democratic aspiration overshadowed by the Enlightenment. It led to many permanent legal and administrative reforms, modernized the government of France, and greatly stimulated the development of nationalism in Europe. It gave rise to lasting social and ideological divisions – monarchist versus republicans, Right versus Left, clerical versus anticlerical, economic laisser faire versus state intervention – which have since played a major part in France and European politics. The doctrines of socialism and communism were anticipated to some extent in the program of the most radical revolutionary groups, and the seed of racism appear in the ideas and attitudes of the counter-revolutions.
Among the social and economic causes of the revolution, two were of the major importance; the hunger of the peasantry for land free of feudal encumbrance, and the desire of the urban middle classes for legal and civic equality and an end to aristocratic privilege. Popular discontent reached a high pitch in the spring of 1789 because of extensive unemployment, crop failures, food shortages, and attempts by landlords to increase their manorial dues and rents in order to keep pace with rapidly rising prices. The royal family, especially the frivolous and tactless Austrian-born Queen, Marie Antoinette, was unpopular. The government was on the verge of bankruptcy as a result of extravaganza and mismanagement of the public finance. To secure new revenues and eliminate the tax exemptions enjoyed by the clergy and nobility, a meeting of the Estates General—the first since 1614—was called, and representatives of the three estates (clergy, nobles, and commoners) assembled at Versailles early in May 1789.

82. Which of the following was NOT the result of the French Revolution?

Passage 1:
The most significant of the revolutions in the world was the French Revolution. It overthrew (1789-99) the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and gave expression to the liberal and democratic aspiration overshadowed by the Enlightenment. It led to many permanent legal and administrative reforms, modernized the government of France, and greatly stimulated the development of nationalism in Europe. It gave rise to lasting social and ideological divisions – monarchist versus republicans, Right versus Left, clerical versus anticlerical, economic laisser faire versus state intervention – which have since played a major part in France and European politics. The doctrines of socialism and communism were anticipated to some extent in the program of the most radical revolutionary groups, and the seed of racism appear in the ideas and attitudes of the counter-revolutions.
Among the social and economic causes of the revolution, two were of the major importance; the hunger of the peasantry for land free of feudal encumbrance, and the desire of the urban middle classes for legal and civic equality and an end to aristocratic privilege. Popular discontent reached a high pitch in the spring of 1789 because of extensive unemployment, crop failures, food shortages, and attempts by landlords to increase their manorial dues and rents in order to keep pace with rapidly rising prices. The royal family, especially the frivolous and tactless Austrian-born Queen, Marie Antoinette, was unpopular. The government was on the verge of bankruptcy as a result of extravaganza and mismanagement of the public finance. To secure new revenues and eliminate the tax exemptions enjoyed by the clergy and nobility, a meeting of the Estates General—the first since 1614—was called, and representatives of the three estates (clergy, nobles, and commoners) assembled at Versailles early in May 1789.

83. In what lines does the author indicate that the government of France had long experienced an intervention on the economic life of the country?

Passage 1:
The most significant of the revolutions in the world was the French Revolution. It overthrew (1789-99) the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and gave expression to the liberal and democratic aspiration overshadowed by the Enlightenment. It led to many permanent legal and administrative reforms, modernized the government of France, and greatly stimulated the development of nationalism in Europe. It gave rise to lasting social and ideological divisions – monarchist versus republicans, Right versus Left, clerical versus anticlerical, economic laisser faire versus state intervention – which have since played a major part in France and European politics. The doctrines of socialism and communism were anticipated to some extent in the program of the most radical revolutionary groups, and the seed of racism appear in the ideas and attitudes of the counter-revolutions.
Among the social and economic causes of the revolution, two were of the major importance; the hunger of the peasantry for land free of feudal encumbrance, and the desire of the urban middle classes for legal and civic equality and an end to aristocratic privilege. Popular discontent reached a high pitch in the spring of 1789 because of extensive unemployment, crop failures, food shortages, and attempts by landlords to increase their manorial dues and rents in order to keep pace with rapidly rising prices. The royal family, especially the frivolous and tactless Austrian-born Queen, Marie Antoinette, was unpopular. The government was on the verge of bankruptcy as a result of extravaganza and mismanagement of the public finance. To secure new revenues and eliminate the tax exemptions enjoyed by the clergy and nobility, a meeting of the Estates General—the first since 1614—was called, and representatives of the three estates (clergy, nobles, and commoners) assembled at Versailles early in May 1789.

84. The word ‘the verge’ in line 19 may have the similar meaning of:

Passage 1:
The most significant of the revolutions in the world was the French Revolution. It overthrew (1789-99) the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and gave expression to the liberal and democratic aspiration overshadowed by the Enlightenment. It led to many permanent legal and administrative reforms, modernized the government of France, and greatly stimulated the development of nationalism in Europe. It gave rise to lasting social and ideological divisions – monarchist versus republicans, Right versus Left, clerical versus anticlerical, economic laisser faire versus state intervention – which have since played a major part in France and European politics. The doctrines of socialism and communism were anticipated to some extent in the program of the most radical revolutionary groups, and the seed of racism appear in the ideas and attitudes of the counter-revolutions.
Among the social and economic causes of the revolution, two were of the major importance; the hunger of the peasantry for land free of feudal encumbrance, and the desire of the urban middle classes for legal and civic equality and an end to aristocratic privilege. Popular discontent reached a high pitch in the spring of 1789 because of extensive unemployment, crop failures, food shortages, and attempts by landlords to increase their manorial dues and rents in order to keep pace with rapidly rising prices. The royal family, especially the frivolous and tactless Austrian-born Queen, Marie Antoinette, was unpopular. The government was on the verge of bankruptcy as a result of extravaganza and mismanagement of the public finance. To secure new revenues and eliminate the tax exemptions enjoyed by the clergy and nobility, a meeting of the Estates General—the first since 1614—was called, and representatives of the three estates (clergy, nobles, and commoners) assembled at Versailles early in May 1789.

85. The word ‘it’ in line 5 may refer to which of the following words or phrases?

Passage 2:
Beginning with some of the earliest exhibitions of motion pictures, there was public debate about the question of whether the motion picture industry was morally fit to control the content of its own products. As early as 1909 the People’s Institute in New York City created ‘The New York Board of Motion Picture Censorship’. This board quickly acquired a great deal of influence beyond New York City, and most of the major motion picture producers eventually agreed to submit all of their films to the board and to not release any films unless approved by it. To reflect its growing importance, the board changed its name to ‘The National Board of Censorship’ and then, in 1915, to ‘The National Board of Review’. The Board’s ‘Seal of Approval’ became the first formal attempt by the film industry to ward off legal film censorship through quasi self-regulation. Despite this effort, in 1914 three Congressional bills were introduced seeking to establish a Federal Motion Picture Censorship Commission. Furthermore, powerful religious groups and other concerned authorities in many states were ready to respond when no federal laws were enacted to control the content of motion pictures. After state censorship of motion pictures was declared constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1915, seven states and numerous cities and towns across the country established and administered movie censorship boards that decreed what could and couldn’t be shown in their communities. By the early 1930s one-third of the American film audience resided in areas controlled by state or municipal movie censors.

86. Which of the following best states the topic of the passage?

Passage 2:
Beginning with some of the earliest exhibitions of motion pictures, there was public debate about the question of whether the motion picture industry was morally fit to control the content of its own products. As early as 1909 the People’s Institute in New York City created ‘The New York Board of Motion Picture Censorship’. This board quickly acquired a great deal of influence beyond New York City, and most of the major motion picture producers eventually agreed to submit all of their films to the board and to not release any films unless approved by it. To reflect its growing importance, the board changed its name to ‘The National Board of Censorship’ and then, in 1915, to ‘The National Board of Review’. The Board’s ‘Seal of Approval’ became the first formal attempt by the film industry to ward off legal film censorship through quasi self-regulation. Despite this effort, in 1914 three Congressional bills were introduced seeking to establish a Federal Motion Picture Censorship Commission. Furthermore, powerful religious groups and other concerned authorities in many states were ready to respond when no federal laws were enacted to control the content of motion pictures. After state censorship of motion pictures was declared constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1915, seven states and numerous cities and towns across the country established and administered movie censorship boards that decreed what could and couldn’t be shown in their communities. By the early 1930s one-third of the American film audience resided in areas controlled by state or municipal movie censors.

87. It is implied in the passage that movie censorship was NOT done by:

Passage 2:
Beginning with some of the earliest exhibitions of motion pictures, there was public debate about the question of whether the motion picture industry was morally fit to control the content of its own products. As early as 1909 the People’s Institute in New York City created ‘The New York Board of Motion Picture Censorship’. This board quickly acquired a great deal of influence beyond New York City, and most of the major motion picture producers eventually agreed to submit all of their films to the board and to not release any films unless approved by it. To reflect its growing importance, the board changed its name to ‘The National Board of Censorship’ and then, in 1915, to ‘The National Board of Review’. The Board’s ‘Seal of Approval’ became the first formal attempt by the film industry to ward off legal film censorship through quasi self-regulation. Despite this effort, in 1914 three Congressional bills were introduced seeking to establish a Federal Motion Picture Censorship Commission. Furthermore, powerful religious groups and other concerned authorities in many states were ready to respond when no federal laws were enacted to control the content of motion pictures. After state censorship of motion pictures was declared constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1915, seven states and numerous cities and towns across the country established and administered movie censorship boards that decreed what could and couldn’t be shown in their communities. By the early 1930s one-third of the American film audience resided in areas controlled by state or municipal movie censors.

88. Which of the following would probably be the subject of the preceding paragraph?

Passage 2:
Beginning with some of the earliest exhibitions of motion pictures, there was public debate about the question of whether the motion picture industry was morally fit to control the content of its own products. As early as 1909 the People’s Institute in New York City created ‘The New York Board of Motion Picture Censorship’. This board quickly acquired a great deal of influence beyond New York City, and most of the major motion picture producers eventually agreed to submit all of their films to the board and to not release any films unless approved by it. To reflect its growing importance, the board changed its name to ‘The National Board of Censorship’ and then, in 1915, to ‘The National Board of Review’. The Board’s ‘Seal of Approval’ became the first formal attempt by the film industry to ward off legal film censorship through quasi self-regulation. Despite this effort, in 1914 three Congressional bills were introduced seeking to establish a Federal Motion Picture Censorship Commission. Furthermore, powerful religious groups and other concerned authorities in many states were ready to respond when no federal laws were enacted to control the content of motion pictures. After state censorship of motion pictures was declared constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1915, seven states and numerous cities and towns across the country established and administered movie censorship boards that decreed what could and couldn’t be shown in their communities. By the early 1930s one-third of the American film audience resided in areas controlled by state or municipal movie censors.

89. The word ‘ward off’ in line 11 could best be replaced by:

Passage 2:
Beginning with some of the earliest exhibitions of motion pictures, there was public debate about the question of whether the motion picture industry was morally fit to control the content of its own products. As early as 1909 the People’s Institute in New York City created ‘The New York Board of Motion Picture Censorship’. This board quickly acquired a great deal of influence beyond New York City, and most of the major motion picture producers eventually agreed to submit all of their films to the board and to not release any films unless approved by it. To reflect its growing importance, the board changed its name to ‘The National Board of Censorship’ and then, in 1915, to ‘The National Board of Review’. The Board’s ‘Seal of Approval’ became the first formal attempt by the film industry to ward off legal film censorship through quasi self-regulation. Despite this effort, in 1914 three Congressional bills were introduced seeking to establish a Federal Motion Picture Censorship Commission. Furthermore, powerful religious groups and other concerned authorities in many states were ready to respond when no federal laws were enacted to control the content of motion pictures. After state censorship of motion pictures was declared constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1915, seven states and numerous cities and towns across the country established and administered movie censorship boards that decreed what could and couldn’t be shown in their communities. By the early 1930s one-third of the American film audience resided in areas controlled by state or municipal movie censors.

90. The word ‘this’ in line 12 refers to:

Text for No. 91-95:
John L. McAdam was the …(91)… of the pioneer road builders and the only one …(92)… name is perpetuated as a type of road, the Macadam road. …(93)… his predecessors, McAdam used a compacted subgrade but he omitted the …(94)… of large stones. His roads consisted of angular fragments of tough stone of …(95)… uniform size, not exceeding 2½ in greatest dimension. Compaction in successive layers, both by rolling and action of traffic, and the construction.

91. John L. McAdam was the …(91)… of the pioneer road builders and the only one …(92)… name is perpetuated as a type of road, the Macadam road. Choose the correct word for blank (91):

Text for No. 91-95:
John L. McAdam was the …(91)… of the pioneer road builders and the only one …(92)… name is perpetuated as a type of road, the Macadam road. …(93)… his predecessors, McAdam used a compacted subgrade but he omitted the …(94)… of large stones. His roads consisted of angular fragments of tough stone of …(95)… uniform size, not exceeding 2½ in greatest dimension. Compaction in successive layers, both by rolling and action of traffic, and the construction.

92. John L. McAdam was the …(91)… of the pioneer road builders and the only one …(92)… name is perpetuated as a type of road, the Macadam road. Choose the correct word for blank (92):

Text for No. 91-95:
John L. McAdam was the …(91)… of the pioneer road builders and the only one …(92)… name is perpetuated as a type of road, the Macadam road. …(93)… his predecessors, McAdam used a compacted subgrade but he omitted the …(94)… of large stones. His roads consisted of angular fragments of tough stone of …(95)… uniform size, not exceeding 2½ in greatest dimension. Compaction in successive layers, both by rolling and action of traffic, and the construction.

93. …(93)… his predecessors, McAdam used a compacted subgrade but he omitted the …(94)… of large stones. Choose the correct word for blank (93):

Text for No. 91-95:
John L. McAdam was the …(91)… of the pioneer road builders and the only one …(92)… name is perpetuated as a type of road, the Macadam road. …(93)… his predecessors, McAdam used a compacted subgrade but he omitted the …(94)… of large stones. His roads consisted of angular fragments of tough stone of …(95)… uniform size, not exceeding 2½ in greatest dimension. Compaction in successive layers, both by rolling and action of traffic, and the construction.

94. …(93)… his predecessors, McAdam used a compacted subgrade but he omitted the …(94)… of large stones. Choose the correct word for blank (94):

Text for No. 91-95:
John L. McAdam was the …(91)… of the pioneer road builders and the only one …(92)… name is perpetuated as a type of road, the Macadam road. …(93)… his predecessors, McAdam used a compacted subgrade but he omitted the …(94)… of large stones. His roads consisted of angular fragments of tough stone of …(95)… uniform size, not exceeding 2½ in greatest dimension. Compaction in successive layers, both by rolling and action of traffic, and the construction.

95. His roads consisted of angular fragments of tough stone of …(95)… uniform size, not exceeding 2½ in greatest dimension. Choose the correct word for blank (95):